Table 5.

Quality assessment using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional studies^a

Study	Selection				Comparability		Outcome		Study score
	Representativeness of the sample	Sample size	Non-respondents	Ascertainment of the exposure	Data/ results adjusted for relevant predictors	Data/results not adjusted for all relevant confounders	Assessment of outcome	Statistical test
Deborah L. et al., 2013 [38]	*	*					**	*	5/10
Sensorn, W. et al., 2012 [17]				*			**	*	4/10
Kapp, J. M. et al., 2007	*	*	*				**	*	6/10
Dar-Odeh, et al. 2019 [39]	*	*					**	*	5/10
Hastings, et al. 2017 [7]					*	*	**	*	5/10
Rai, et al. 2019 [40]	*	*			*	*	**	*	7/10
Simila, et al. 2018 [41]	*	*		*			**	*	6/10
Delgado-Pérez, et al. 2017 [29]							**	*	3/10
Buysschaert, et al. 2017 [30]				*			**	*	4/10
Kowall, et al. 2015 [44]	*	*		*	*	*	**	*	8/10
De Medeiros, et al. 2021 [45]	*	*		*	*	*	**	*	8/10
Del Carmen, et al. 2021 [47]	*	*		*			**	*	6/10
Laouali, et al. 2021 [48]	*	*			*	*	**	*	7/10

^aStudy score Very Good Studies: 9–10 points, Good Studies: 7–8 points, Satisfactory Studies: 5–6 points, Unsatisfactory Studies: 0 to 4 points