Table 3.
Changes in cardiovascular-related parameters at the baseline and after the 6-week probiotic intervention
Variable | Period | Probiotic group (n = 30) |
Placebo group (n = 29) |
MD (95% CI)† between groups |
P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAC (mmol/L) | Initial | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.28 (0.05) | 0 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.8 |
End | 0.3 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.42 | |
MD (95% CI) within groups* | 0.02 (0, 0.03) | 0 (−0.01, 0.01) | |||
P value | 0.1 | 0.94 | |||
TOS (µmol/L) | Initial | 2.45 (2.13, 3.75) | 2.47 (2, 3.26) | −0.02 | 0.85 |
End | 2.23 (2.01, 2.46) | 2.26 (2.26, 3.52) | −0.03 | 0.53 | |
Median difference | −0.22 | −0.21 | |||
P value | 0.16 | 0.68 | |||
PON (mmol/L) | Initial | 93.65 (65.87, 189.87) | 83.35 (64, 148) | 10.3 | 0.64 |
End | 83.75 (66.47, 210.17) | 86.55 (59.57, 153.32) | −2.8 | 0.09 | |
Median difference | −9.9 | 3.2 | |||
P value | 0.46 | 0.31 | |||
SBP (mmHg) | Initial | 120.63 (11.56) | 117.01 (12.25) | 3.63 (−2.5, 9.8) | 0.25 |
End | 109.2 (8.66) | 118.45 (11.46) | −9.24 (−14.5, −3.9) | < 0.001 | |
MD (95% CI) within groups* | −11.43 (−13.8, −9) | 1.44 (−0.87, 3.7) | |||
P value | < 0.001 | 0.21 | |||
DBP (mmHg) | Initial | 80.63 (3.41) | 79.38 (2.54) | 1.25 (−0.32, 2.8) | 0.12 |
End | 70.7 (4.8) | 74.41 (6.17) | −3.71 (−6.59, −0.83) | 0.007 | |
MD (95% CI) within groups* | −9.9 (−12.09, −7.75) | −4.98 6 (−2.8, 4.24) | |||
P value | < 0.001 | 0.01 | |||
HR (n/min) | Initial | 75.4 (11.8) | 80.48 (9.17) | −5.08 (−11.35, 1.19) | 0.11 |
End | 76.9 (11.38) | 81.2 (8.9) | −4.3 (−10.38, 1.77) | 0.38 | |
MD (95% CI) within groups* | 1.5 (0, 3.9) | 0.72 (−2.8, 4.2) | |||
P value | 0.22 | 0.67 | |||
MAP (mmHg) | Initial | 93.96 (4.78) | 91.11 (4.85) | 2.04 (−0.52, 4.61) | 0.12 |
End | 83.53 (5.31) | 87.29 (6.69) | −5.55 (−8.8, −2.31) | < 0.001 | |
MD (95% CI) within groups* | −10.43 (−12.04, −8.7) | −3.8 (−5.85, −1.7) | |||
P value | < 0.001 | 0.01 | |||
Framingham Score categories (n, %)ǂ | Initial | −1.3 | 0.77 | ||
Low | 7 (23.3) | 4 (13.8) | |||
Medium | 15 (50) | 16 (55.2) | |||
High | 8 (26.7) | 9 (31) | |||
End | – | 0.032 | |||
Low | 18 (60) | 10 (34.5) | |||
Medium | 10 (33.3) | 13 (44.8) | |||
High | 2 (6.7) | 6 (20.7) | |||
Median difference | – | – | – | ||
P value | < 0.001 | 0.052 | |||
TC/HDL-C | Initial | 3.32 (2.13, 3.75) | 3.23 (2.79, 3.58) | 0.09 | 0.69 |
End | 2.23 (2.01, 2.46) | 2.97 (2.81, 4) | −0.74 | 0.55 | |
Median difference | −1.09 | −0.35 | |||
P value | 0.16 | 0.96 | |||
LDL-C/HDL-C | Initial | 1.93 (1.17) | 1.66 (0.75) | 0.04 (−0.47, 0.57) | 0.85 |
End | 1.78 (0.89) | 1.67 (0.79) | −0.11 (−0.57, 0.36) | 0.53 | |
MD(95% CI) within groups* | −0.15 (−0.36, 0.05) | 0.02 (-0.22, 0.21) | |||
P value | 0.15 | 0.87 | |||
logTG/HDL-C | Initial | 0.49 (0.27) | 0.47 (0.17) | 0.02 (−0.1, 0.13) | 0.78 |
End | 0.4 (0.14) | 0.48 (0.11) | −0.08 (−0.14, 0) | 0.023 | |
MD(95% CI) within groups* | −0.09 (−0.15, 0) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | |||
P value | 0.04 | 0.72 |
Data are shown as mean (SD); data for Framingham score, TOS, PON and TC/HDL-C are presented as median (25, 75 percentiles)
MD mean differences, TAC total anti-oxidant capacity, TOS total oxidant status, PON paraoxonases, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, MAP mean arterial pressure, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high density of lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density of lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides
*Paired student t-tests were used for within-group comparisons, except for Framingham score, TOS, PON and TC/HDL-C measures which was estimated by non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks tests
†Independent student t-tests were used at the beginning of the study for between-group comparison, except Framingham score, TOS, PON and TC/HDL-C measures which was estimated by Mann–Whitney U-tests. At the end of the study, differences between groups were assessed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for baseline values, age, BMI and energy intake
ǂChi-square test and Friedman test were used for between-group and within-group differences