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. 2022 Apr 13;14:52. doi: 10.1186/s13098-022-00822-z

Table 3.

Changes in cardiovascular-related parameters at the baseline and after the 6-week probiotic intervention

Variable Period Probiotic group
(n = 30)
Placebo group
(n = 29)
MD (95% CI)†
between groups
P value
TAC (mmol/L) Initial 0.28 (0.06) 0.28 (0.05) 0 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.8
End 0.3 (0.08) 0.28 (0.06) 0.02 (−0.02, 0.04) 0.42
MD (95% CI) within groups* 0.02 (0, 0.03) 0 (−0.01, 0.01)
P value 0.1 0.94
TOS (µmol/L) Initial 2.45 (2.13, 3.75) 2.47 (2, 3.26) −0.02 0.85
End 2.23 (2.01, 2.46) 2.26 (2.26, 3.52) −0.03 0.53
Median difference −0.22 −0.21
P value 0.16 0.68
PON (mmol/L) Initial 93.65 (65.87, 189.87) 83.35 (64, 148) 10.3 0.64
End 83.75 (66.47, 210.17) 86.55 (59.57, 153.32) −2.8 0.09
Median difference −9.9 3.2
P value 0.46 0.31
SBP (mmHg) Initial 120.63 (11.56) 117.01 (12.25) 3.63 (−2.5, 9.8) 0.25
End 109.2 (8.66) 118.45 (11.46) −9.24 (−14.5, −3.9)  < 0.001
MD (95% CI) within groups* −11.43 (−13.8, −9) 1.44 (−0.87, 3.7)
P value  < 0.001 0.21
DBP (mmHg) Initial 80.63 (3.41) 79.38 (2.54) 1.25 (−0.32, 2.8) 0.12
End 70.7 (4.8) 74.41 (6.17) −3.71 (−6.59, −0.83) 0.007
MD (95% CI) within groups* −9.9 (−12.09, −7.75) −4.98 6 (−2.8, 4.24)
P value  < 0.001 0.01
HR (n/min) Initial 75.4 (11.8) 80.48 (9.17) −5.08 (−11.35, 1.19) 0.11
End 76.9 (11.38) 81.2 (8.9) −4.3 (−10.38, 1.77) 0.38
MD (95% CI) within groups* 1.5 (0, 3.9) 0.72 (−2.8, 4.2)
P value 0.22 0.67
MAP (mmHg) Initial 93.96 (4.78) 91.11 (4.85) 2.04 (−0.52, 4.61) 0.12
End 83.53 (5.31) 87.29 (6.69) −5.55 (−8.8, −2.31)  < 0.001
MD (95% CI) within groups* −10.43 (−12.04, −8.7) −3.8 (−5.85, −1.7)
P value  < 0.001 0.01
Framingham Score categories (n, %)ǂ Initial −1.3 0.77
Low 7 (23.3) 4 (13.8)
Medium 15 (50) 16 (55.2)
High 8 (26.7) 9 (31)
End 0.032
Low 18 (60) 10 (34.5)
Medium 10 (33.3) 13 (44.8)
High 2 (6.7) 6 (20.7)
Median difference
P value  < 0.001 0.052
TC/HDL-C Initial 3.32 (2.13, 3.75) 3.23 (2.79, 3.58) 0.09 0.69
End 2.23 (2.01, 2.46) 2.97 (2.81, 4) −0.74 0.55
Median difference −1.09 −0.35
P value 0.16 0.96
LDL-C/HDL-C Initial 1.93 (1.17) 1.66 (0.75) 0.04 (−0.47, 0.57) 0.85
End 1.78 (0.89) 1.67 (0.79) −0.11 (−0.57, 0.36) 0.53
MD(95% CI) within groups* −0.15 (−0.36, 0.05) 0.02 (-0.22, 0.21)
P value 0.15 0.87
logTG/HDL-C Initial 0.49 (0.27) 0.47 (0.17) 0.02 (−0.1, 0.13) 0.78
End 0.4 (0.14) 0.48 (0.11) −0.08 (−0.14, 0) 0.023
MD(95% CI) within groups* −0.09 (−0.15, 0) 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07)
P value 0.04 0.72

Data are shown as mean (SD); data for Framingham score, TOS, PON and TC/HDL-C are presented as median (25, 75 percentiles)

MD mean differences, TAC total anti-oxidant capacity, TOS total oxidant status, PON paraoxonases, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, MAP mean arterial pressure, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high density of lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density of lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides

*Paired student t-tests were used for within-group comparisons, except for Framingham score, TOS, PON and TC/HDL-C measures which was estimated by non-parametric Wilcoxon signed ranks tests

Independent student t-tests were used at the beginning of the study for between-group comparison, except Framingham score, TOS, PON and TC/HDL-C measures which was estimated by Mann–Whitney U-tests. At the end of the study, differences between groups were assessed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for baseline values, age, BMI and energy intake

ǂChi-square test and Friedman test were used for between-group and within-group differences