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. 2022 Apr 11;9(1):e000611. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000611

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Metformin attenuates splenic immune cell dysfunction in experimental lupus nephritis (A) Representative photos of spleen, lymph node and kidneys from lupus mice with or without 8 weeks of metformin treatment. (B) The splenic mRNA level of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in lupus mice. (C) The splenic mRNA level of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lupus mice. (D) The splenic messenger RNA (mRNA) level of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in lupus mice. (E) The splenic mRNA level of Foxp3 in lupus mice. (F) The level of serum ANA of lupus mice. (G) The level of serum double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of lupus mice. Each bar represents the mean±SEM from at least three independent experiments versus control, *p<0.05. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.