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. 2022 Apr 11;9(1):e000611. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000611

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Metformin alleviates the necroptosis and inflammasome activation in human kidney-2 (HK-2) cell under inflammatory condition. (A–E) Metformin (1 mM) pretreated HK-2 cells for 1 hour and then stimulated by tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (10 ng/mL) for another 48 hours. Western blotting and quantitative analysis of the expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in HK-2 cells. (F–H) Metformin (1 mM) pretreated HK-2 cells for 1 hour and then stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (40 µg/mL) for another 48 hours. Western blotting and quantitative analysis of the expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1 in HK-2 cells. (I–K) Metformin (1 mM) pretreated HK-2 cells for 1 hour and then stimulated by TNF-α (10 ng/mL) for another 48 hours. Western blotting and quantitative analysis of the expression of p-RIPK1, p-RIPK3, phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (p-MLKL) in HK-2 cells. (M–O) Metformin (1 mM) pretreated HK-2 cells for 1 hour and then stimulated by LPS (40 µg /mL) for another 48 hours. Western blotting and quantitative analysis of the expression of p-RIPK1 and p-RIPK3 in HK-2 cells. Each bar represents the mean±SEM from at least three independent experiments versus control, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.