TABLE 1.
Detection of Norovirus in Stool and Hand-Rinse Samples from Norovirus Outbreaks in Long-Term Care Facilities
| Outbreak ID |
Subject |
Stool Specimens |
Hand Rinse Samples |
Time intervald |
Clinical Status of Subject at the Time of Hand Sampling |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID | Category | Genotypea | Norovirus Titer |
Genotypea | Norovirus Titer |
|||
| A | 1 | HCWD | – | ND | – | ND | +1 | Symptomatic |
| B | 2 | HCWD | GI.4 | 5.0 | – | ND | 0 | Symptomatic |
| B | 3 | HCWD | GI.4 | 4.6 | – | ND | +1 | Symptomatic |
| C | 4 | R | GII.13 | 6.9 | GII.13 | 6.3 | 0 | Symptomatic |
| C | 5 | R | GII.13 | 8.0 | GII.13 | 6.8 | 0 | Symptomatic |
| D | 6 | R | GII.4 Sydney | 8.2 | GII.4 Sydney | 7.9 | 0 | Symptomatic |
| D | 7 | R | GII.4 Sydney | 6.4 | – | ND | +1 | Symptomatic |
| E | 8 | HCWD | GII.4 Sydney | 6.7 | – | ND | 0 | Symptomatic |
| E | 9 | R | GII.4 Sydney | 5.3 | GIIe | 4.4 | 0 | Symptomatic |
| F | 10 | HCWN | GII.4 Sydney | 6.3 | – | ND | +2 | Postsymptomatic |
| F | 11 | HCWN | – | ND | GIIe | 3.4 | +2 | Postsymptomatic |
| F | 12 | R | – | ND | – | ND | +6 | Postsymptomatic |
| F | 13 | R | GII.4 Sydney | 8.8 | – | ND | 0 | Postsymptomatic |
| F | 14 | R | GII.4 Sydney | 8.2 | GII.4 Sydney | 7.7 | +2 | Symptomatic |
| F | 15 | R | GII.4 Sydney | 4.7 | GIIe | 5.3 | +3 | Postsymptomatic |
| G | 16 | HCWD | GII.4 Sydney | 4.6 | – | ND | 0 | Postsymptomatic |
| G | 17 | HCWN | GII.4 Sydney | 6.7 | GIIe | 4.9 | −4 | Postsymptomatic |
| G | 18 | HCWN | GII.4 Sydney | 4.3 | – | ND | −3 | Postsymptomatic |
| G | 19 | R | GII.4 Sydney | 7.2 | GII.4 Sydney | 5.8 | −2 | Postsymptomatic |
| G | 20 | HCWD | – | ND | – | ND | +6 | Postsymptomatic |
| H | 21 | R | GII.4 Sydney | 7.3 | GII.4 Sydney | 6.3 | −1 | Symptomatic |
| I | 22 | R | GII.4 Sydney | 6.5 | GII.4 Sydney | 6.1 | 0 | Symptomatic |
| J | 23 | HCWD | GII.6 | 3.9 | – | ND | +2 | Symptomatic |
| J | 24 | R | GII.6 | 5.7 | GII.6 | 2.4 | +2 | Symptomatic |
| J | 25 | HCWN | – | ND | – | ND | +2 | Symptomatic |
| K | 26 | R | GII.6 | 5.9 | – | ND | +7 | Symptomatic |
| K | 27 | HCWN | – | ND | – | ND | +5 | Symptomatic |
| K | 28 | HCWN | GII.6 | 6.2 | GII.6 | 2.4 | +3 | Postsymptomatic |
| L | 29 | R | GII.3 | 2.9 | GII.3 | 4.8 | +1 | Postsymptomatic |
| L | 30 | HCWN | – | ND | – | ND | +1 | Symptomatic |
note. HCWD, healthcare worker, direct care; HCWN, healthcare worker, non-direct care, R, nursing home resident; ND, not determined; −, sample was negative by RT-qPCR.
a
100% sequence identity between viruses in stool and hand-rinse sample of the same subject.
b
Log10 RNA copies per gram of stool.
c
Log10 RNA copies per hand.
d
Time period (in days) between collection of hand and stool samples after onset of clinical symptoms. The hand sample was collected later “+” or earlier “−” than the stool specimen.
e
GII positive by RT-qPCR, but hemi-nested PCR negative and therefore could not be genotyped.