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. 2020 Nov 6;23(2):609–625. doi: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxaa045

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© The Author 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 3. — Directed acyclic graphs illustrating the possible causal relationships between the covariates and the genetic variants, risk factor, and outcome. Here, the and nodes may represent more than one variable.

Inline graphic — Directed acyclic graphs illustrating the possible causal relationships between the covariates and the genetic variants, risk factor, and outcome. Here, the and nodes may represent more than one variable.