Table 1.

Literature with neuropathological data of Latinos/Hispanics and/or Black Americans. For the ethnicity/race column, the mentioned terms used in each respective paper stated are followed with the universal synonym in parentheses to provide consistency.

Citation (PMID)	Cohort and location*	Numbers of Ethnicity/Race(s) examined	Total cohort size	Pathologies examined	Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria	Main findings
Sandberg G, …, Troncoso JC. Neurobiol Aging, 2001. (11182466)	Maryland ME office; study carried out at University of Maryland	☐ 58 African Americans (Black Americans) ☐ 80 Whites (NHWs)	138	☐ AD	Inclusion Neuropath consultations at Maryland ME office between 1990 to 1998 Age between 40-79 years Non-natural manner of death	No significance differences in prevalence of SP or NFT between groups.
Wilkins CH, …, Morris JC. Arch Neurol, 2006. (16401740).	Washington University ADRC; greater metropolitan St. Louis, MO	☐ 10 African Americans (Black Americans) ☐ 10 Whites (NHWs)	20	☐ AD ☐ CVD ☐ LBD	Inclusion Autopsy between 1990 to 2000 NHWs were matched to age (+/- 5 yrs of death, sex, and CDR at death Over 50 yrs of age at enrollment	No significant neuropathological differences were found in both groups across all pathologies examined. No group differences in the presence or number of infarctions, plaques, NFTs, Lewy bodies, CAA.
Riudavets MA, …, Troncoso JC. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006. (17146288)	Maryland ME office; study carried out at University of Maryland	☐ 100 Blacks (Black Americans) ☐ 100 Whites (NHWs)	200	☐ AD ☐ CVD	Inclusion Aged 65 to 95 years at death Consecutive autopsies at Maryland ME office between 2002 to 2005	Race not a significant factor in frequency or severity of AD lesions (Amyloid Beta plaques and NFTs). No significant difference in vascular lesions by race. ApoE4 increased risk of AD lesions similarly in each race.
Mehta KM, ..., Miller BL. Neurology, 2008. (18003939)#	>30 ADCs; NACC database	☐ 1,301 Latinos (Hispanics) ☐ 3,563 African Americans (Black Americans) ☐ 451 Asian ☐ 162 American Indians ☐ 25,160 Whites (NHWs)	30,916 (3,017 with npath)	☐ AD ☐ CVD	Inclusion: Aged 65 yrs or older Dx of possible/probable AD Seen at an ADC between 1984-2005 Exclusion: Identified as other race Missing death data	African American and Latino/Hispanic patients had similar AD neuropathologies when compared to NHWs. Both Latinos and African Americans were equally likely to have Braak NFT stages V and VI. Neurovascular pathology and NP presence were more common in Latinos than NHW.
Ringman JM, ..., Vinters HV. JAMA Neurology, 2014. (24797962)*	>30 ADCs; NACC database	☐ Hispanic (Latinos) ☐ African Americans (Black Americans) ☐ Whites (NHWs)	425	☐ AD ☐ CVD	Inclusion Severe and no CAA Cognitive impaired and meeting NIA Reagan criteria for AD Exclusion Did not identify as Hispanic, African Americans or NHW	Hispanics with neuropathologically confirmed AD more likely to have severe CAA than non-Hispanics. African Americans did not differ significantly with NHWs.
Barnes LL, …, Schneider JA. Neurology, 2015. (26180136).	Rush University, ADRC Chicago, Illinois	☐ 41 Blacks (Black Americans) ☐ 81 Whites (NHWs)	122	☐ AD ☐ CVD ☐ LBD	Inclusion Consecutive autopsies, age, sex, education, and cognition matched NHWs to Black Americans ~2:1	Blacks with AD more likely to have mixed brain pathologies compared to NHWs with AD.
Graff-Radford NR, …, Dickson DW. Alz Dement, 2016. (27094726)	32 past/present ADCs; NACC database	☐ 110 African Americans (Black Americans) ☐ 2,500 White (NHWs)	2,610	☐ AD ☐ CVD ☐ LBD ☐ TDP/FTD	Inclusion Available NACC data from 2005 to 2015 Dementia at last clinic visit and went to autopsy Exclusion Participants reporting a race other than African Americans or NHWs AD neuropathologic change in January 2015; this data was excluded due to the small sample size with ADNC data to date	AD, LBD, and CVD more common in African Americans thank NHWs. African Americans had higher Braak NFT Stage and CERAD when compared to NHWS. African Americans had more CVD pathologies when compared to NHWs.
Kamara DM, …, Walker LC. J Alzheimers Dis, 2018. (29614657).	Emory ADRC Atlanta, GA	☐ 18 African Americans (Black Americans) ☐ 19 Caucasians (NHWs)	37	☐ AD ☐ CVD	Inclusion Autopsies between 2003 to 2014 End stage AD Groups matched as close as possible for age, disease duration, APOE type, sex, level of education, and post-mortem interval	No significant differences in CAA in person with AD between groups.
Soria JA, …, Rissman RA. J Alzheimers Dis, 2018 (30412501)	UCSD ADRC San Diego, California	☐ 53 Latinos (Hispanics)	53	☐ AD ☐ CVD ☐ LBD	Inclusion Older adults with Latino ethnicity Autopsied from 1991 to 2017 Exclusion Presenilin 1 mutation cases interval between last clinical encounter and death > 2.5 years Insulin-dependent diabetes, major stroke or neurological illness, or self-reported alcohol or drug abuse	Clinic dx of AD at last clinical evaluation had 97.1% sensitivity and 57.9% specificity against autopsy-verified AD in Latinos.
Filshtein TJ, …, DeCarli C. J Alzheimers Dis, 2019. (30775996)	University of California, Davis (UCD) ADC; Sacramento, CA	☐ 28 Hispanic (Latinos) ☐ 35 Black (Black Americans) ☐ 360 NHWs	423	☐ AD ☐ CVD	Inclusion: Dementia at last visit before death went to autopsy between 2000 and 2017	Hispanics had lower (14%) AD (non-mixed) than NHWs (43%) and Black (43%). Blacks and Hispanics had higher CVD (40% and 54% respectively) compared to NHWs (28%). Most common neuropath dx was AD across all groups: 80.5% in NHWs, 80% in Black, and 67.9% in Hispanics regardless of concomitant diagnosis.
Santos OA, ..., Murray ME. Alz Dement, 2019. (30792090)	Florida Autopsies Multi-Ethnic cohort (FLAME) State of Florida brain bank	☐ 67 Hispanic (Latinos) ☐ 19 African Americans (Black Americans) ☐ 1,539 Caucasian (NHWs)	2,809	☐ AD ☐ LBD	Inclusion: Brain tissue was received on or before August 2015 within state of Florida brain bank Autopsy confirmed AD cases regardless of clinical dx Exclusion Non-AD autopsy confirmed cases AD cases with known mutations	Thal amyloid phase did not differ across all groups. Hispanics were found to be twice as likely to have higher Braak NFT stage compared to NHWs. African Americans did not differ from NHWs for Braak NFT staging.
Weissburger GH, ..., Salmon DP. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2019. (30636736)	UCSD ADRC San Diego, California	☐ 14 Hispanic (Latinos) ☐ 20 NHWs	34	☐ AD ☐ CVD	Inclusion Persons with AD dementia who died and autopsied between 1989-2016 >=95 on DRS at 1st clinical evaluation Exclusion Presenilin 1 mutations with early age of onset **Insulin-dependent diabetes, major stroke or neurological illness, or self-reported alcohol or drug abuse	Groups had similar overall AD pathology burden. Hispanics with AD had more small parenchymal arteriolar disease and CAA than NHW with AD. Groups did not differ in other aspects of cerebrovascular pathology such as infarctions and/or hemorrhages.

# for Mehta et al. numbers of Ethnicity/Race(s) examined represent deceased persons, only a subset of cases (n= 3,017) had neuropathology data--npath details of ethnoracial group were not listed. *for Ringman et al. data within paper not sufficient to derive numbers of Ethnicity/Race(s) examined with neuropathologic evaluations. ** previous UCSD ADRC cohort studies state this exclusion, although not stated directly within paper. Abbreviations: AD=Alzheimer’s disease, ADC/ADRC= Alzheimer’s Disease (research) Center, CAA=cerebral amyloid angiopathy, CVD=Cerebrovascular disease related pathologies, DLB=Dementia with Lewy Bodies, DRS=Dementia rating scale, dx=diagnosis, NACC=National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center, ME= medical examiner, npath=neuropathology, LBD= Lewy body dementia, FTD=Frontotemporal dementia, NFT=neurofibrillary tangles, NHW=Non-Hispanic Whites, UCSD=University of California San Diego. *Cohort name was listed if given and location includes medical center/institution/data source.