Table 2.

Literature of neuropathological data of Asian Americans. For the ethnicity/race column, the mentioned terms used in each respective paper stated are followed with the universal synonym in parentheses to provide consistency.

Citation (PMID)	Cohort and location*	Numbers of Ethnicity/Race(s) examined	Cohort size	Pathologies examined	Inclusion Criteria	Main findings
White L, …, Markesbery W. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2002. (12480729)	HAAS, Oahu, HI	285 Japanese American men (Asian Americans)	285	☐ AD ☐ CVD ☐ LBD	Came to autopsy between 1991 to 1999	CVD as an explanation for dementia nearly equal to AD. Most essential and inclusively related CVD lesion to dementia was multiple microinfarctions. Among the 27 decedents with high levels of microvascular lesions and no other lesions, 70% were demented. In 33% of subjects, demented could not be contributed to AD, CVD, Hpscl and/or LBD.
Petrovitch H, …, White LR. Ann Neurol 2005. (15562458)	HAAS, Oahu, HI	333 Japanese American men (Asian Americans)	333	☐ AD ☐ CVD	Came to autopsy between 1992 to 2001 Cognitive function testing within 4 years of death	Among dementia cases, 24% were linked to CVD. Dementia frequency increased in men with NFTs and increasing NP density, increasing further with CVD presence. 20% of persons with neocortical NFT without NP. 9% of cases had no NP, NFT or CVD.
White L. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009. (19661625)	HAAS, Oahu, HI	443 Japanese American men (Asian Americans)	443	☐ AD ☐ CVD ☐ LBD	Came to autopsy between 1992 to 2004	Microvascular infarcts were most frequently the sole or dominant lesion found in demented decedents. AD was the second most dominant contributing lesion to demented decedents. Co-dominant lesions (usually microvascular infarcts and AD) were the third common contributor to dementia in decedents.
Launer LJ, …White LR Ann Neurol 2011. (22162060)	HAAS, Oahu, HI	436 Japanese American men (Asian Americans)	436	☐ AD ☐ CVD	Came to autopsy between 1992 and 2001	Significant association of higher numbers of microinfarcts with lower brain weight and with poorer antemortem global cognitive scores in those with no dementia. NFTs were associated with brain weight, especially in demented individuals.
White LR, …, Montine TJ; Neurology, 2016. (26888993)	HAAS, Oahu, HI and the Nun Study (NS) from Montreal, Canada	334 Japanese American men (Asian Americans) 774 Caucasian women (NHWs)	1,108	☐ AD ☐ CVD ☐ LBD		Microinfarcts are more prevalent in Japanese American men than Caucasian women. AD pathological changes and neocortical LBs more frequent in NHW women. Total burden of comorbid pathologies was most relevant in determination of cognitive impairment in both cohorts.
Latimer CS, … Montine TJ. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 2017. (28499012)	HAAS, Oahu, HI and the Nun Study (NS) Montreal, Canada	762 Japanese American men (Asian Americans) 500 Caucasian women (NHWs)	1,262	☐ AD ☐ CVD ☐ LBD	Completed NIA-AA ABC scores	Both cohorts were most resistant to neuritic plaque accumulation and least resistant to neurofibrillary degeneration. Significant differences in prevalence of AD, CVD, and LBD between these 2 cohorts. HAAS (Japanese American men) had higher prevalence of high level neuropathologic change of AD and vascular brain injury (VBI) compared to the NS (Caucasian women), which had high neuropathologic change of LBD.

All published studies within table included individuals from the Honolulu Asian Aging Study (HAAS) which is a continuation of the Honolulu Heart Program⁵⁴. Persons within HAAS consisted of Japanese American men born between 1900 and 1920 living in Oahu during baseline examination in 1965. Participants were evaluated for dementia starting in 1991 (age 73 to 94 years), the autopsy program began in 1992. Abbreviations: AD=Alzheimer’s Disease, CVD=Cerebrovascular disease, Hpscl=Hippocampal Sclerosis, LBD=Lewy body disease, NP=neuritic plaques, NFT=Neurofibrillary Tangle