. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Nov 17;10(4):1047–1056.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.11.004

Table II.

Keywords and rules to identify data elements in NAEPP guidelines

Data Element	Keywords	Rules
Asthma symptoms	1) wheez^, cough^, dyspnea^, tachypnea^, sob, short^* of breath^, increased breath, (chest/ throat) … (tight^/squeeze^/stuck/congestion), chest … pain/discomfort, respiratory … (distress/illness/difficult^/rate), (short^/heavy/rapid/difficult/labor/hard/struggle/worsen/loud/raspy/retraction) … breath^, (asthma^/allerg^/respiratory/daytime) … symptoms, chest pain/discomfort 2) night^, nighttime, nocturnal, evening^, tonight, wake^, woke, get^ up, sleep^, slept, awoke, awak^, morning 3) day^, yesterday, noon, week^, today	I. Nighttime symptom: combination of keyword 1 and 2 II. Daytime symptom: combination of keyword 1 and 3, or keyword 1 with absence of keywords 2
Activity limitation	1) exertional/normal activity, exercise/activity tolerance, miss/leave/left/day off/restricts/trouble… work/school 2) limit^, athletic^, impacts, difficult^, trouble^, problems, impar^, decreas^, stop^, down, able, can, inhaler, restrict, normal, active, participat^, play 3) basketball, hockey, softball, gym, run^, walk^, soccer, football, ski^, dance^, jump^, swim^, play^, active^, exercise^*, performs, performance, daily living, exert	I. Keyword 1 only II. Combination of keyword 2 and 3 III. Combination of keyword 3 and asthma symptom keyword 1
Medication compliance	1) adherent, adherence, discontinued, (he/she/they/patient/they) … not initiate/using/taking/tries/been doing/, has been … taking/off/utilizing/missed/forgot/stopped, asthma…well controlled, he/she/they/patient/they … trouble/difficulty remembering, has been … inconsistent/consistent, adhering, compliance, deny regular use, nonadherence, noncompliance 2) medication^, medicine, dose^, med, dosing, dosage, dose, inhaled corticosteroid, controller, ICS, puff^, inhaler^ medication	I. Combination of keyword 1 and 2 II. Combination of keyword 1 and maintenance medications
Inhaler technique	1) observ^, reassess^, review^, demonstrat^, check^, educat^, teach^, taught, explain^, reinforce^, discuss^, instruction, constraints, how to use 2) inhaler, MDI, neb, nebulizer, optichamber, spacer 3) techniques, administrations, dosing, guidance 4) asthma/rescue/daily/preventive/control medication, ICS, list of maintenance & rescue medications	I. Combination of keyword 1 and 2 II. Combination of keyword 1, 3, and 4
Allergy/irritant	1) worsen, trigger^, cause, flare, occur, exacerbate, irritant, associated with, problem when, aggravate, induced, manifest 2) smoke, airborne, allergens^, activit^*, cold air, common cold, cold weather, cold … URI, mold, cat, rabbit, hay, air quality/pollutant, influenza, vaccine, immunization, pets, exposure 3) trees, grass, dogs, dust, mite, elm, oak, weed 4) (as/is a/ be a) trigger, symptoms … with exercise, symptoms/ flare of asthma … (with/by/when/cause)	I. Combination of keyword 1 and 2 II. Combination of keyword 3 and “allergy” III. Keyword 4 only
Smoking	smok^, tobacco, cigarette^, nonsmoker^* (exclusion indicator: smoke detector, fire, trigger)	Smoking keywords (disregard if appears with exclusion indicators)
Rescue medications	Short-acting beta-agonist (SABAs) (exclusion indicator: topical, nasal, ointment, eye, drop, ophthalm^*)	medications belong to this (disregard if appears with exclusion indicators)
Maintenance medication	Asthma maintenance medications (exclusion indicator: topical, nasal, ointment, eye, drop, ophthalm^*)	medications belong to this (disregard if appears with exclusion indicators)

denotes any characters to handle spelling variations and some potential misspells