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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Genet. 2021 Dec 18;38(5):437–453. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.11.006

Figure 2. In vivo CRISPR in Drosophila with Cas9 and its alternatives.

Figure 2.

spCas9, the most commonly used Cas protein in Drosophila produces reliable double strand breaks (DSBs). xCas9 and Cas12a/Cpf1 provide greater PAM flexibility. Paired Cas9 nickase and dCas9-FokI fusions minimize the possibility of off-target DSBs. A cytosine base editor (C>T, G>A) and prime editor allow for precise genome editing without making DSBs. dCas9-fused to VPR or synergistic activation mediator (SAM) produce robust gene activation in vivo. Cas13/CasRx binds and degrades target RNA. The catalytically inactive dCas13/dCasRx binds to RNA but does not cut it.