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. 2022 Apr 13;5:357. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03315-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Characteristics of CD4⁺CCR6⁺ and CD4⁺CCR6⁻ cell populations isolated by FACS from PLWH_EC (n = 4), PLWH_ART (n = 6) and HC (n = 3). a Gating strategy for isolation of CD4⁺CCR6⁺ and CD4⁺CCR6⁻ cell populations from total peripheral blood mononuclear cells, exhibited by an HC sample. b Heatmap representation of significant pathways found deregulated in CD4⁺CCR6⁺ PLWH_EC compared to CD4⁺CCR6⁺ PLWH_ART and in CD4⁺CCR6⁻ PLWH_EC compared to CD4⁺CCR6⁻ PLWH_ART using MSigDBv. Colour gradient corresponds to the negative log scaled adjusted p-values. Each column represents p-values of various directionality classes, calculated for the pathways. Non-directional p-values are calculated based on gene-level statistics regardless of the direction of expression. Mixed directional up and mixed directional down p-values are calculated using the subset of the gene statistics that are upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Distinct directional up and distinct directional down p-values are calculated from gene statistics with expression direction. c Schematic representation of metabolic trade-off between OXPHOS and glycolysis detected in the cells. d, e Heatmap representation of proteins part of apoptosis (d) and p53 pathway (e). Colour gradient corresponds to the z-score scaled normalized expression values. Column annotation represents the cohorts and row annotation visualizes the log2 transformed fold change values in each of the differential expression analysis of PLWH_ART compared with HC, PLWH_EC compared with HC and PLWH_EC compared with PLWH_ART. f Network visualization of significant pathways enriched in CD4⁺CCR6⁺ PLWH_EC compared to CD4⁺CCR6⁺ PLWH_ART. Each edge represents association of the protein with the corresponding pathways. Circular nodes denote proteins and square-shaped nodes are pathways. Red colour gradient and green colour gradient represent upregulation and downregulation of the proteins in CD4⁺CCR6⁺ PLWH_EC compared to CD4⁺CCR6⁺ PLWH_ART.