Table 2.
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors by sex and HIV status
| Females | Males | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | HIV+No. (%) | HIV–No. (%) | HIV+No. (%) | HIV–No. (%) | HIV+No. (%) | HIV–No. (%) | p‐Value a |
| Anthropometric measurements | |||||||
| BMI | n = 629 | n = 619 | n = 357 | n = 357 | n = 986 | n = 976 | <0.001 |
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 44 (7%) | 28 (5%) | 38 (11%) | 37 (10%) | 82 (8%) | 65 (7%) | |
| Normal (≥18.5 to <25 kg/m2) | 384 (61%) | 309 (50%) | 289 (81%) | 253 (71%) | 673 (68%) | 562 (58%) | |
| Overweight (≥25 to <30 kg/m2) | 145 (23%) | 170 (27%) | 27 (8%) | 62 (17%) | 172 (17%) | 232 (24%) | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 56 (9%) | 112 (18%) | 3 (<1%) | 5 (1%) | 59 (6%) | 117 (12%) | |
| Waist circumference | n = 629 | n = 615 | n = 359 | n = 358 | n = 988 | n = 973 | <0.001 |
| Not at risk (males: <95 cm and females: <81 cm) | 365 (58%) | 295 (48%) | 352 (98%) | 338 (94%) | 717 (73%) | 633 (65%) | |
| Increased risk (males: ≥95 to ≤102 cm and females: ≥81 to ≤88 cm) | 145 (23%) | 149 (24%) | 5 (1%) | 14 (4%) | 150 (15%) | 163 (17%) | |
| Substantially increased risk (males: ≥103 cm and females: ≥89 cm) | 119 (19%) | 171 (28%) | 2 (1%) | 6 (2%) | 121 (12%) | 177 (18%) | |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | n = 629 | n = 614 | n = 359 | n = 357 | n = 988 | n = 971 | 0.36 |
| Not at risk (males: <0.90 and females: <0.85) | 330 (52%) | 308 (50%) | 247 (69%) | 279 (78%) | 577 (58%) | 587 (60%) | |
| Substantially increased risk (males: ≥0.90 and females: ≥0.85) | 299 (48%) | 306 (50%) | 112 (31%) | 78 (22%) | 411 (42%) | 384 (40%) | |
| Blood pressure measurements | |||||||
| Hypertension b | n = 614 | n = 622 | n = 355 | n = 356 | n = 977 | n = 970 | 0.06 |
| Normal (<120/80 mmHg) | 294 (47%) | 265 (43%) | 156 (44%) | 134 (38%) | 450 (46%) | 399 (41%) | |
|
Pre‐hypertension (≥120/80 mmHg to <140/90 mmHg) |
226 (36%) | 233 (38%) | 149 (42%) | 158 (44%) | 375 (38%) | 391 (40%) | |
| Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg or on medication) | 102 (16%) | 116 (19%) | 50 (14%) | 64 (18%) | 152 (16%) | 180 (19%) | |
| Laboratory measurements | |||||||
| Random plasma glucose c | n = 630 | n = 619 | n = 360 | n = 359 | n = 990 | n = 978 | 0.67 |
| Normal (<7.8 mmol/l) | 613 (97%) | 605 (98%) | 354 (98%) | 353 (98%) | 967 (98%) | 958 (98%) | |
| Hyperglycaemia (≥7.8 mmol/l or on medication) | 17 (3%) | 14 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 23 (2%) | 20 (2%) | |
| Diabetes (>11.1 mmol/l or on medication) | 9 (1%) | 8 (1%) | 1 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 10 (<1%) | 9 (<1%) | 0.84 |
| Kidney function | n = 630 | n = 619 | n = 360 | n = 359 | n = 990 | n = 978 | |
| Creatinine, mean (μmol/l) | 65.78 | 63.70 | 76.21 | 76.03 | 69.57 | 68.22 | 0.07 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate d | 0.10 | ||||||
| Normal (≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 480 (76%) | 508 (82%) | 327 (91%) | 324 (90%) | 807 (82%) | 832 (85%) | |
| Mildly decreased (≤89 to ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 145 (23%) | 107 (17%) | 32 (9%) | 33 (9%) | 177 (18%) | 140 (14%) | |
| Moderately severely decreased (≤ 59 to ≥15 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 5 (<1%) | 4 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 2 (<1%) | 26(<1%) | 6 (<1%) | |
| Lipid profile | n = 630 | n = 619 | n = 360 | n = 359 | n = 990 | n = 978 | |
| Total cholesterol | 0.66 | ||||||
| Normal (≤5 mmol/l) | 533 (85%) | 518 (84%) | 308 (86%) | 306 (85%) | 872 (88%) | 855 (87%) | |
| High (>5 mmol/l) | 97 (15%) | 101 (16%) | 52 (14%) | 53 (15%) | 118 (12%) | 123 (13%) | |
| LDL | 0.40 | ||||||
| Normal (≤3 mmol/l) | 540 (86%) | 514 (83%) | 327 (91%) | 311 (87%) | 867 (88%) | 825 (84%) | |
| High (>3 mmol/l) | 90 (14%) | 105 (17%) | 33 (9%) | 48 (13%) | 123 (12%) | 153 (16%) | |
| HDL | <0.001 | ||||||
| Normal (≥1.03 mmol/l in males and ≥1.29 mmol/l in females) | 228 (36%) | 120 (19%) | 225 (63%) | 155 (43%) | 453 (46%) | 275 (28%) | |
| Low (males: <1.03 mmol/l and females: <1.29 mmol/l) | 402 (64%) | 499 (81%) | 135 (38%) | 204 (57%) | 537 (54%) | 703 (72%) | |
| Triglycerides | 0.47 | ||||||
| Normal (<1.7 mmol/l) | 504 (80%) | 504 (81%) | 256 (71%) | 260 (72%) | 760 (77%) | 764 (78%) | |
| High (≥1.7 mmol/l) | 126 (20%) | 115 (19%) | 104 (29%) | 99 (28%) | 230 (23%) | 214 (22%) | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
p‐Values presented in table are either calculated using chi‐squared test, t‐test or Fisher's exact test and only calculated to assess the difference by HIV status.
Includes those who were found to have hypertension or reported taking medication for hypertension. All 51 who reported to be taking hypertension medication were also found to have hypertension based on blood pressure medication.
Includes 12 participants reported to be on medication. The denominator used under diabetes is that of the entire population and not those who were found to have hyperglycaemia.
Information on kidney failure (<15 ml/min/1.73 m2) category not presented as no cases fell into this category.