Table 2.

Comparison of the demographic and clinical variables of the groups (N = 203)

	Vitamin D deficient group (N = 125)	Control group (N = 78)	p
Number	125	78
Age (year)	49.7 ± 14.8	51.1 ± 16.0	0.729
Gender, male	48 (38.4)	30 (38.5)	0.993
Weight (kg)	74.9 ± 11.8	72.3 ± 13.0	0.148
Height (cm)	165.0 ± 9.2	164.5 ± 10.7	0.737
BMI (kg/m2)	27.6 ± 4.4	26.8 ± 4.5	0.088
Smoking	40 (32.0)	20 (25.6)	0.334
Exercise	53 (42.4)	44 (56.4)	0.052
Circumference (cm)
Waist	94.9 ± 14.9	92.3 ± 16.8	0.137
Hip	103.0 ± 11.9	101.9 ± 14.5	0.471
Comorbidities
Hypertension	32 (25.6)	17 (21.8)	0.538
Diabetes mellitus	14 (11.2)	11 (14.1)	0.540
Obesity	29 (23.2)	18 (23.1)	0.984
25-OH vitamin D (ng/ml)	11.9 ± 4.4	30.0 ± 11.8	< 0.001
Date (April–October)	32 (25.6)	41 (52.6)	< 0.001
Using vitamin D treatment	7 (5.6)	35 (44.9)	< 0.001
US measurements (mm)
Skin thickness
Hand	1.3 ± 0.2	1.3 ± 0.2	0.633
Forearm	1.5 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.2	0.875
Arm	1.5 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.2	0.335
Anterior thigh	1.9 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.3	0.116
Fat thickness
Forearm	6.8 ± 3.6	5.6 ± 2.8	0.021
Arm	8.2 ± 4.1	7.0 ± 3.3	0.040
Anterior thigh	18.6 ± 8.2	16.7 ± 6.5	0.047
Muscle thickness
Forearm	36.6 ± 4.9	35.7 ± 4.9	0.226
Arm	33.4 ± 5.4	32.7 ± 5.5	0.527
Anterior thigh	42.0 ± 7.9	40.6 ± 10.3	0.350
Functional tests
Grip strength (kg)	35.2 ± 11.7	35.2 ± 12.4	0.929
Gait speed (m/sec)	1.2 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.2	0.400
TUG (sec)	8.1 ± 2.5	8.1 ± 3.0	0.583
CST (sec)	10.9 ± 3.7	10.8 ± 4.0	0.532
MMSE	28.7 ± 1.5	28.6 ± 1.7	0.451

Data are given as mean ± standard deviation or n (%)

Bold indicates statistically significant p values

BMI, body mass index; CST, Chair Stand Test; TUG, Timed Up and Go Test; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; sec, second