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The retention rate of total carbohydrate of HEP-30 (A), HEP-50 (B), and HEP-70 (C) during the reaction. The retention rate of total carbohydrate% = (the content of total carbohydrate during the reaction/the content of total carbohydrate before the reaction) × 100%; Data are means ± SD (3 independent experiments × 3 replication). a,bDifferent lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between fermentation 0 and 24 h.
