Table 1.
Patient characteristics, risk factors and laboratory parameters associated with primary co-infection upon admission
| All patients N = 309 | Primarily admitted patients N = 231 (74.8%) |
Transferred patients N = 78 (25.2%) | Primarily admitted patients with confirmed co-infection 11/231 (4.76%) | Primarily admitted patients without confirmed co-infection 220/231 (95.23%) | P value; odds ratio (95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [median, IQR] | 59 (49.5–70) | 59 (49–70) | 61 (51–69.5) | 67 (62–69) | 58 (48–71) | 0.2 |
| Age ≥ 65 years [n/N (%)] | 128/296 (43.2) | 85/230 (37) | 22/61 (36.1) | 7/10 (70) | 78/220 (35.5) |
0.041; OR 4.25 (1.07–16.9) |
| Male sex [n/N (%)] | 209/305 (68.5) | 158/230 (68.7) | 51/74 (68.9) | 9/11 (81.8) | 149/220 (67.7) |
0.5; OR 2.1 (0.45–10.2) |
| CCI [median, IQR] | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 3 (3–6.25) | 2 (1–4) | 0.009 |
| CCI > 3 [n/N (%)] | 143/291 (49.1) | 108/226 (47.8) | 32/65 (50.8) | 9/10 (90) | 99/216 (45.8) |
0.0076; OR 10.6 (1.32–85.4) |
| Cardiovascular disease [n/N (%)] | 160/279 (57.4) | 124/218 (56.9) | 36/61 (59) | 6/9 (66.7) | 118/209 (56.5) |
0.73; OR 1.54 (0.37–6.33) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease [n/N (%)] | 54/286 (18.8) | 38/223 (17) | 16/63 (25.4) | 1/9 (11.1) | 37/214 (17.3) |
1; OR 0.6 (0.07–4.9) |
| Diabetes mellitus [n/N (%)] | 64/288 (22.2) | 45/224 (20) | 19/64 (29.7) | 3/10 (30) | 42/214 (19.6) |
0.42; OR 1.75 (0.43–7.1) |
| Chronic kidney disease [n/N (%)] | 34/287 (11.8) | 30/223 (13.5) | 4/60 (6.3) | 2/8 (25) | 28/215 (13) |
0.3; OR 2.2 (0.43–11.6) |
| WHO at admissiona [median, IQR] | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–7) | 6 (4–7) | 4 (3–4) | 0.0016 |
| WHO max. [median, IQR] | 5 (4–7) | 4 (3–7) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (6–8) | 4 (3–7) | 0.0014 |
| IMV ≤ 48 h after admissiona [n/N (%)] | 88/309 (28.5) | 43/231 (18.6) | 45/78 (57.7) | 7/11 (63.6) | 36/220 (16.4) |
< 0.0001; OR 8.94 (2.49–32.15) |
| CRP (max. 48 h) mg/l [median, IQR] | 79.5 (29.25–188.7) | 66.55 (23.8–147.9) | 178.4 (72.1–327.6) | 198.7 (116.17–290.75) | 62.6 (22.15–134.9) | 0.004 |
| CRP > 100 mg/l [n/N (%)] | 119/261 (45.6) | 82/206 (39.8) | 37/55 (67.3) | 8/10 (80) | 74/196 (37.8) |
0.016; OR 6.6 (1.36–31.9) |
| CRP > 200 mg/l [n/N (%)] | 62/261 (23.7) | 36/206 (17.5) | 26/55 (47.3) | 5/10 (50) | 31/196 (15.8) |
0.016; OR 5.3 (1.45–19.5) |
| PCT ng/ml [median, IQR] | 0.15 (0.08–0.5) | 0.11 (0.07–0.27) | 0.96 (0.21–4.17) | 0.47 (0.22–3.88) | 0.11 (0.07–0.25) | 0.0006 |
| PCT > 0.5 ng/ml [n/N (%)] | 61/248 (24.6) | 25/193 (12.9) | 36/55 (65.5) | 5/10 (50) | 20/183 (10.9) |
0.004; OR 8.15 (2.16–30.6) |
| Leukocytes Gpt/l [median, IQR] | 7.26 (5.35–10.63) | 6.8 (5.23–9.31) | 11.73 (6.97–15.71) | 8.73 (4.9–36.3) | 6.775 (5.2–9.24) | 0.13 |
| Neutrophils Gpt/l [median, IQR] | 5.31 (3.51–8.24) | 4.85 (3.38–7.33) | 8.56 (5.13–12.89) | 8.24 (4.41–9.84) | 4.76 (3.38–7.3) | 0.054 |
| LDH U/l [median, IQR] | 385 (302–521.5) | 361.5 (291–491) | 430 (360–589) | 513, (271–613) | 357 (291.5–466.5) | 0.19 |
| Ferritin µg/l [median, IQR] | 834 (395–1670) | 797 (348–1547) | 1269 (472–2159) | 1163 (605,25–2355,5) | 797 (334,35–1524) | 0.19 |
All laboratory parameters are the maximum value obtained during the first 48 h after admission to Charité hospital
IQR interquartile range, CI confidence interval, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, CRP C-reactive protein, LDH lactate dehydrogenase
aAdmission to Charité hospital
Bold values indicate p < 0.05