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. 2022 Feb 10;9(11):2104965. doi: 10.1002/advs.202104965

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Study strategy for linking gut antibiotic resistome and progression of T2D. Our study was based on the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS) which is an ongoing community‐based cohort study in China. We included 1210 participants in the current study, of whom 531 were healthy, 495 were prediabetes and 184 were T2D. To associate the gut antibiotic resistome and T2D, we profiled the stool metagenome. 278 individuals have collected stool sample twice at different time points. We applied ARG‐OAP2 and MetaPhlAn2 to perform the profiling of the gut antibiotic resistome and gut microbiota, respectively. To explore the potential causal association of the identified ARG features with T2D, we performed genome‐wide association analyses (GWAS) and one‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. In addition, we examined the associations between gut ARG features and cardiometabolic traits using the cross‐sectional model, which was validated by the longitudinal model. We also constructed the co‐occurrence network between gut ARGs and microbial species. Finally, Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the associations between T2D related ARG features and fecal metabolome.