Table 1. . Differences between BMI groups.
| BMI <18.5 | 18.5–24.99 | BMI 25–29.99 | BMI ≥30 | p-value | n | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight | 106 (98.8; 118) | 136 (122; 153) | 171 (155; 190) | 215 (190; 243) | 0 | 2509 |
| Height | 65.3 (63.7; 69.0) | 65.5 (63.0; 68.7) | 66.1 (63.0; 70.0) | 65.5 (63.9; 69.0) | <0.001 | 2509 |
| Age (continuous) | 52.2 (36.8; 69.5) | 58.2 (42.2; 72.2) | 60.7 (49.7; 71.3) | 59.1 (49.4; 68.6) | 0.003 | 2509 |
| Age (categorical) | <0.001 | 2509 | ||||
| 18–44 | 25 (36.8%) | 249 (28.8%) | 152 (18.1%) | 120 (16.3%) | ||
| 45–64 | 23 (33.8%) | 283 (32.7%) | 362 (43.0%) | 364 (49.6%) | ||
| 65+ | 20 (29.4%) | 334 (38.6%) | 327 (38.9%) | 250 (34.1%) | ||
| Sex | <0.001 | 2509 | ||||
| Female | 57 (83.8%) | 561 (64.8%) | 417 (49.6%) | 452 (61.6%) | ||
| Male | 11 (16.2%) | 305 (35.2%) | 424 (50.4%) | 282 (38.4%) | ||
| Payor | <0.001 | 2373 | ||||
| Medicare | 20 (31.2%) | 303 (36.8%) | 307 (38.6%) | 254 (36.9%) | ||
| Medicaid | 7 (10.9%) | 105 (12.7%) | 134 (16.8%) | 168 (24.4%) | ||
| Commercial | 37 (57.8%) | 416 (50.5%) | 355 (44.6%) | 267 (38.8%) | ||
| Ethnic group | 2509 | |||||
| African American | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.12%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.14%) | ||
| Asian/PA | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.12%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
| Caucasian | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.12%) | 1 (0.12%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
| Declined | 26 (38.2%) | 334 (38.6%) | 329 (39.1%) | 220 (30.0%) | ||
| Hispanic | 2 (2.94%) | 54 (6.24%) | 85 (10.1%) | 113 (15.4%) | ||
| Multiracial | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (0.23%) | 1 (0.12%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
| Not Hispanic | 38 (55.9%) | 427 (49.3%) | 391 (46.5%) | 357 (48.6%) | ||
| Null | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.12%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
| Unknown | 2 (2.94%) | 45 (5.20%) | 34 (4.04%) | 43 (5.86%) | ||
| Pain procedure with 45 days prior | 0.884 | 2509 | ||||
| No | 57 (83.8%) | 691 (79.8%) | 675 (80.3%) | 588 (80.1%) | ||
| Yes | 11 (16.2%) | 175 (20.2%) | 166 (19.7%) | 146 (19.9%) | ||
| Pain procedure with 45 days after | 0.804 | 2509 | ||||
| No | 56 (82.4%) | 680 (78.5%) | 652 (77.5%) | 576 (78.5%) | ||
| Yes | 12 (17.6%) | 186 (21.5%) | 189 (22.5%) | 158 (21.5%) | ||
| Opioid medication within 45 days prior | 0.002 | 2509 | ||||
| No | 25 (36.8%) | 431 (49.8%) | 410 (48.8%) | 306 (41.7%) | ||
| Yes | 43 (63.2%) | 435 (50.2%) | 431 (51.2%) | 428 (58.3%) | ||
| IR opioid medications within 45 days prior | <0.001 | 2509 | ||||
| No | 26 (38.2%) | 463 (53.5%) | 435 (51.7%) | 321 (43.7%) | ||
| Yes | 42 (61.8%) | 403 (46.5%) | 406 (48.3%) | 413 (56.3%) | ||
| ER opioid medications within 45 days prior | 0.064 | 2509 | ||||
| No | 51 (75.0%) | 738 (85.2%) | 730 (86.8%) | 627 (85.4%) | ||
| Yes | 17 (25.0%) | 128 (14.8%) | 111 (13.2%) | 107 (14.6%) | ||
| Pain severity and interference | ||||||
| Worst pain, 24 h | 8.00 (6.00; 9.00) | 7.00 (5.00; 9.00) | 8.00 (6.00; 9.00) | 8.00 (6.00; 9.00) | <0.001 | 2425 |
| Least pain, 24 h | 5.00 (3.00; 7.00) | 4.00 (2.00; 6.00) | 4.00 (2.00; 7.00) | 5.00 (2.00; 7.00) | <0.001 | 2415 |
| Average pain, 24 h | 6.00 (4.25; 8.00) | 6.00 (4.00; 7.00) | 6.00 (4.00; 8.00) | 6.00 (5.00; 8.00) | <0.001 | 2371 |
| Pain now-current | 6.50 (4.00; 8.00) | 5.00 (3.00; 7.00) | 6.00 (3.00; 8.00) | 6.00 (4.00; 8.00) | <0.001 | 2370 |
| General activity | 7.00 (5.00; 9.00) | 6.00 (4.00; 8.00) | 6.00 (4.00; 8.00) | 7.00 (5.00; 9.00) | <0.001 | 2345 |
| Mood | 7.00 (4.00; 9.00) | 6.00 (2.00; 8.00) | 5.00 (3.00; 8.00) | 6.00 (3.00; 8.00) | 0.003 | 2330 |
| Walking | 6.00 (3.00; 9.00) | 5.00 (2.00; 8.00) | 6.00 (3.00; 8.00) | 7.00 (4.00; 9.00) | <0.001 | 2339 |
| Normal work | 7.00 (5.00; 9.00) | 6.00 (4.00; 8.00) | 7.00 (4.00; 9.00) | 7.00 (5.00; 9.00) | <0.001 | 2315 |
| Relations with others | 5.00 (1.25; 7.00) | 4.00 (0.00; 7.00) | 4.00 (0.00; 7.00) | 5.00 (0.00; 7.00) | 0.035 | 2294 |
| Sleep | 6.50 (3.00; 8.00) | 5.00 (1.00; 8.00) | 5.00 (2.00; 8.00) | 6.00 (3.00; 9.00) | 0.003 | 2318 |
| Enjoyment of life | 8.00 (5.00; 9.00) | 6.00 (3.00; 8.00) | 7.00 (4.00; 8.00) | 7.00 (5.00; 9.00) | <0.001 | 2297 |
| Interference total score | 6.29 (5.00; 7.71) | 5.43 (3.14; 7.43) | 5.71 (3.71; 7.43) | 6.46 (4.14; 8.00) | <0.001 | 2359 |
| Diagnosis category | 2509 | |||||
| Back pain | 14 (20.6%) | 238 (27.5%) | 268 (31.9%) | 218 (29.7%) | ||
| Extremity pain | 12 (17.6%) | 102 (11.8%) | 102 (12.1%) | 105 (14.3%) | ||
| Head-mouth pain | 2 (2.94%) | 17 (1.96%) | 16 (1.90%) | 8 (1.09%) | ||
| Inflammatory pain | 2 (2.94%) | 6 (0.69%) | 5 (0.59%) | 6 (0.82%) | ||
| Myofascial pain | 5 (7.35%) | 75 (8.66%) | 36 (4.28%) | 39 (5.31%) | ||
| Neuropathic | 8 (11.8%) | 98 (11.3%) | 109 (13.0%) | 90 (12.3%) | ||
| Osteoarthrosis pain | 5 (7.35%) | 55 (6.35%) | 64 (7.61%) | 63 (8.58%) | ||
| Pelvic-abdominal pain | 9 (13.2%) | 57 (6.58%) | 45 (5.35%) | 21 (2.86%) | ||
| Radicular pain | 6 (8.82%) | 181 (20.9%) | 166 (19.7%) | 147 (20.0%) | ||
| Unclear/unknown | 5 (7.35%) | 37 (4.27%) | 30 (3.57%) | 27 (5.04%) | ||
| Diagnosis category | 0.001 | 2509 | ||||
| Musculoskeletal | 44 (64.7%) | 657 (75.9%) | 641 (76.2%) | 578 (78.7%) | ||
| Neuropathic | 8 (11.8%) | 98 (11.3%) | 109 (13.0%) | 90 (12.3%) | ||
| Other | 11 (16.2%) | 74 (8.55%) | 61 (7.25%) | 29 (3.95%) | ||
| Unclear/unknown | 5 (7.35%) | 37 (4.27%) | 30 (3.57%) | 37 (5.04%) | ||
ER: Extended release; IR: Immediate release.