Table 2.
Mean cost-per-episode of influenza illnesses by characteristics among children <5-year-old in Suzhou, China, 2011/12 to 2016/17 influenza seasons.
| Non-medically attended | Outpatient | Hospitalization | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Totalc | p | Directd | p | Indirecte | p | Total | p | Directd | p | Indirecte | p | Total | p | |
|
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| Overall Medical | 9.92 (13.26) | 102.56 (151.97) | 58.49 (62.38) | 161.05 (176.98) | 1110.99 (452.34) | 314.99 (272.31) | 1425.95 (603.59) | |||||||
| Non-medical | - | 47.90 (54.81) | - | - | 1000.89 (419.20) | - | - | |||||||
| - | 33.37 (133.68) | - | - | 110.11 (148.59) | - | - | ||||||||
| Age groups (month) | 0.390 | 0.002 | 0.898 | 0.041 | 0.108 | 0.908 | 0.336 | |||||||
| 0–5 | - | 65.40 (45.04) | 50.21 (25.23) | 115.61 (61.61) | 995.41 (377.19) | 315.55 (214.83) | 1310.95 (521.96) | |||||||
| 6–23 | 9.65 (21.37) | 94.19 (126.77) | 62.02 (77.88) | 156.21 (162.20) | 1125.49 (500.62) | 313.16 (253.83) | 1438.64 (646.99) | |||||||
| 24–35 | 8.29 (7.95) | 107.00 (192.44) | 54.91 (46.58) | 161.91 (214.09) | 1069.64 (340.98) | 299.99 (241.11) | 1369.63 (490.67) | |||||||
| 36–59 | 10.20 (10.83) | 114.63 (158.25) | 57.91 (54.37) | 172.54 (177.70) | 1165.53 (447.83) | 324.79 (334.82) | 1490.32 (617.17) | |||||||
| Suzhou Hukoua | 0.103 | <0.001 | 0.063 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.096 | 0.202 | |||||||
| Yes | 9.68 (13.00) | 112.44 (173.98) | 60.59 (64.40) | 173.02 (198.88) | 1092.16 (406.48) | 298.74 (230.10) | 1390.91 (538.45) | |||||||
| No | 10.06 (13.41) | 85.22 (100.43) | 54.82 (58.58) | 140.04 (127.56) | 1159.45 (552.17) | 356.80 (356.61) | 1516.25 (740.50) | |||||||
| Comorbidityb | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.519 | 0.319 | <0.001 | 0.750 | 0.969 | |||||||
| Yes | 13.95 (15.98) | 106.96 (67.96) | 51.63 (37.73) | 158.59 (100.57) | 1131.73 (453.44) | 296.31 (206.76) | 1428.04 (603.29) | |||||||
| No | 9.74 (13.10) | 102.37 (154.50) | 58.78 (63.20) | 161.15 (179.50) | 1109.01 (452.76) | 316.77 (277.90) | 1425.78 (604.37) | |||||||
| Seasons | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 2011/12 | - | 92.72 (70.85) | 60.28 (71.50) | 153.00 (115.06) | 1055.80 (810.99) | 206.51 (125.16) | 1262.31 (929.60) | |||||||
| 2012/13 | - | 114.31 (95.02) | 54.28 (33.20) | 168.59 (121.75) | 915.81 (300.83) | 225.36 (137.06) | 1138.16 (365.50) | |||||||
| 2013/14 | - | 69.77 (54.27) | 51.98 (40.41) | 118.59 (83.11) | 1067.90 (293.50) | 224.34 (116.77) | 1292.23 (315.90) | |||||||
| 2014/15 | 11.28 (15.40) | 60.92 (41.20) | 45.70 (19.74) | 106.61 (55.66) | 1226.70 (590.83) | 461.95 (345.91) | 1688.66 (768.91) | |||||||
| 2015/16 | 9.45 (10.73) | 278.13 (475.55) | 64.70 (53.14) | 342.83 (496.99) | 1360.22 (529.33) | 383.87 (206.64) | 1744.09 (673.66) | |||||||
| 2016/17 | 5.88 (5.12) | 94.47 (71.10) | 75.50 (40.65) | 169.97 (107.44) | 1192.44 (388.58) | 340.11 (359.88) | 1532.55 (575.68) | |||||||
Costs per episode are in 2017 US dollars.
Data are Mean (standard deviation, SD). The means (SDs) were estimated by bootstrap resampling with 10,000 replications.
Hukou: permanent household registration.
Comorbidity includes congenital heart disease, asthma and other chronic lung disease, neuromuscular disease, kidney disease, blood dyspraxia and HIV.
Total cost of non-medically attended influenza only includes direct medical costs.
Direct cost includes direct medical cost (medicine, diagnostics, therapeutics, supplies/rooms, and services/nursing) and direct non-medical cost (transportation, caregivers lodging and nutrition supplementation attributed to the influenza illness).
Indirect cost was calculated as the estimated total days of lost work due to caring for the sick child multiplied by the value of a lost time based on the human capital (Supplemental Table 1).