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. 2022 Mar 31;10:810880. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.810880

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Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Liu, Wang, Zhu, Li, Zhu, Che, Liu, Liu and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The BMP signal is transduced through BMPRI and BMPRII receptors. These two receptors are combined into a functional complex, to initiate further signaling pathways. On the one hand, activated BMP type I receptor phosphorylates Smad-dependent signaling pathways. On the other hand, BMP receptors activate non-Smad-dependent signaling pathways, that is, activate p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK signaling pathways. Then, BMP can stimulate the expression of three osteogenic main transcription factors Runx2, D1x5 and Osx.