TABLE 1.

Functions of BMPs in cartilage formation.

BMP(s)	Related GENE(s)	Biological function(s)	References
BMP-2	Runx2, Sox5, Sox9, Acan, and Col2a1	Increases the expression level of Runx2, Promote chondrogenesis	Wang T. et al. (2019)
BMP-4	Sox9, type Ⅱ collagen, and type X collagen	Plays a guiding role in cartilage formation. Regulation development of vertebral cartilage, pedicle of vertebral arch and proximal rib	Shum et al. (2003), Hatakeyama et al. (2004), El-Magd et al. (2013)
BMP-5	Type Ⅰ collagen, type Ⅱ collagen, and type X collagen	Promote cartilage formation	Guenther et al. (2008), Snelling et al. (2010)
BMP-6	Type II collagen and type X collagen	Affects cartilage development	Ye et al. (2019)
BMP-7	Col1a2, Col2a1, Col10a1, mmp13, Runx2, and Acan	Promote cartilage formation	Muller et al. (2019)
BMP-9	Type II collagen, Sox9, Acan, and ALK-1	Effectively activate Smad pathway, promote chondrocyte differentiation and osteogenic differentiation	Wang et al. (2014), van Caam et al. (2015), Ren et al. (2016)