TABLE 2.

Functions of BMPs in bone formation.

BMP(s)	Related GENE(s)	Biological function(s)	Reference(s)
BMP-2	Runx2, Dlx5, osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and type I collagen	Promote the formation of mineralized nodule and osteogenic differentiation. Bone healing and limb development	Sojo et al. (2005), Bessa et al. (2008), Seo et al. (2014), Teotia et al. (2017), Ball et al. (2019), Chen et al. (2019)
BMP-4	Sox9, Acan, and type II collagen	Activating or promoting the release of other BMPs. Bone development, reconstruction and fracture healing	Fiedler et al. (2002), Jang et al. (2016)
BMP-5	Col2a1 and Sox9	Promote fracture and soft tissue healing	Guenther et al. (2015)
BMP-6	Col1a2, Runx2, and OPN	Significant osteogenic effect. Promote the healing of vertebral defect and segmental defect	Fischerauer et al. (2013); Pelled et al. (2016); Grgurevic et al. (2019); Toprak et al. (2021)
BMP-7	Runx2, ALP, OPN, and OCN	Induces the maturation of osteoblasts, and promotes the healing of fractures	Bosemark et al. (2015), Caterini et al. (2016), Singh et al. (2016), Kim et al. (2018), Yan et al. (2018)
BMP-9	ALP, Runx2, and type I collagen	The strongest ability to induce osteogenic differentiation	Luu et al. (2007), Wang X. et al. (2017), Zhang L. et al. (2019), Zhu et al. (2021)