TABLE 5.

Clinical applications of BMPs.

Disease	Therapies	Total number of patients	Number of effective patients	Effective rate (%)	References
CPT or persistent tibial nonunion in children and adolescents	rhBMP-2	10	9	90.0	Hissnauer et al. (2017)
Refractory upper limb bone nonunion	rhBMP-7 and ABG	41	39	95.1	Singh et al. (2016)
Refractory humeral nonunion	rhBMP-7, HA, and ABG	12	12	100	Caterini et al. (2016)
Critical-sized defect	rhBMP-2, HA, and autologous BMSCs	6	6	100	Dilogo et al. (2019)
Pediatric spinal deformity	rhBMP-2	13	11	84.6	Stiel et al. (2018)
Neuromuscular spinal deformity	rh-BMP-2, segmental spinal instrumentation system	11	10	90.9	Gressot et al. (2014)
Degenerative lumbar disease	rhBMP-2 carried by collagen sponge	17	17	100	Meisel et al. (2008)
Adult L5-S1 vertebral deformity	rhBMP-2, multi-level spinal and fusion pelvic fixation	61	59	97	Annis et al. (2015)
Vertebral disease	rhBMP-2, laminectomy with bilateral facetectomy, single TLIF cage, unilateral pedicle screw fixation	573	524	91.4	Singh et al. (2013)
Bone defects caused by maxillofacial tumors or osteomyelitis	rhBMP-2 carried by collagen sponge	14	14	100	Herford and Boyne, (2008)
Severe maxillary sinus atrophy	rhBMP-2 was added to the implant	10	10	100	Jensen et al. (2012)
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws	rhBMP-2 combined with L-PRF	30	30	100	Park et al. (2017)
Unilateral cleft lip and palate	rhBMP-7	9	9	100	Ayoub and Gillgrass, (2019)