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. 2022 Mar 31;9:866751. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.866751

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Copyright © 2022 Kohli, Shahzad, Jouppila, Holthöfer, Isermann and Lassila.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Example of targeting and binding of the heparin proteoglycan mimetic, APAC at the injured arterial wall in vivo. APAC and podocalyxin double staining on the arterial injury of vascular anastomosis in pig (103). The anastomotic area was treated with biotinylated APAC (0.3 mg) before exposing to circulation. After 30 min of restored blood flow the artery was resected and processed for histology. Histological samples were stained for nuclei with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue), APAC (red), and podocalyxin (green). Podocalyxin is a glycosylated cell surface sialomucin expressed, e.g., by vascular endothelial cells and hematopoietic progenitors (107). Disrupted endothelium is depicted by the binding of APAC and the intact endothelium by the binding of podocalyxin. APAC signal was absent at the sites of podocalyxin (merge). Scale bar corresponds to 20 μm.