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Possible mechanisms of how TDF caused BMD reduction and how oral vitamin D and calcium supplementation alleviated BMD reduction. TDF, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; PTH, parathyroid hormone; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; CTX, C-terminal telopeptides; BAP, bone alkaline phosphatase; OC, osteocalcin; 25-(OH)D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D; BMD, bone mineral density.
