Table 2.
Measures to describe consanguinity, reproductive health and fertility behavior
| Characteristics | PDHS (1990–1991) | PDHS (2006–2007) | PDHS (2012–2013) | PDHS (2017–2018) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 4061 | n = 5677 | n = 7446 | n = 6711 | |||||
| f | % | f | % | f | % | f | % | |
| Consanguinity | ||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Non-consanguineous marriages | 1500 | 37.0 | 1819 | 32.1 | 2519 | 33.8 | 2440 | 36.4 |
| Consanguineous marriages | 2550 | 63.0 | 3855 | 67.9 | 4926 | 66.2 | 4270 | 63.6 |
| Type of consanguineous marriages | ||||||||
| Married to paternal first cousins | 1223 | 47.9 | 1814 | 47.1 | 2061 | 41.9 | 1882 | 44.1 |
| Married to maternal first cousins | 856 | 33.6 | 1198 | 31.1 | 1558 | 31.7 | 1433 | 33.6 |
| Married to relatives other than first paternal/maternal cousins | 471 | 18.5 | 842 | 21.8 | 1300 | 26.4 | 953 | 22.3 |
| Reproductive health and fertility behavior | ||||||||
| Age at first birth | ||||||||
| < 20 years | 2390 | 58.8 | 3072 | 54.1 | 3685 | 49.5 | 3076 | 45.8 |
| 20–34 years | 1648 | 40.6 | 2588 | 45.6 | 3733 | 50.1 | 3593 | 53.5 |
| 35–49 years | 23 | 0.6 | 17 | 0.3 | 28 | 0.4 | 42 | 0.6 |
| Gravidity | ||||||||
| 1–2 | 1306 | 32.2 | 2071 | 36.5 | 2980 | 40.0 | 2829 | 42.2 |
| 3–5 | 1808 | 44.5 | 2456 | 43.3 | 3233 | 43.4 | 3009 | 44.8 |
| 6 and above | 947 | 23.3 | 1150 | 20.3 | 1233 | 16.6 | 873 | 13.0 |
| Parity | ||||||||
| 1–2 children | 1245 | 30.7 | 2000 | 35.2 | 2885 | 38.7 | 2749 | 41.0 |
| 3–4 children | 1142 | 28.1 | 1648 | 29.0 | 2249 | 30.2 | 2183 | 32.5 |
| 5 children and above | 1674 | 41.2 | 2029 | 35.7 | 2312 | 31.1 | 1780 | 26.5 |
| Number of living children | ||||||||
| None | 71 | 1.7 | 100 | 1.8 | 80 | 1.1 | 83 | 1.2 |
| 1–2 | 1360 | 33.5 | 2138 | 37.7 | 3149 | 42.3 | 2944 | 43.9 |
| 3–4 | 1294 | 31.9 | 1737 | 30.6 | 2306 | 31.0 | 2222 | 33.1 |
| 5 and above | 1336 | 32.9 | 1702 | 30.0 | 1912 | 25.7 | 1463 | 21.8 |
| Ever terminated pregnancy* | ||||||||
| Yes | – | – | 1352 | 23.8 | 2512 | 33.7 | 2166 | 32.3 |
| No | – | – | 4320 | 76.2 | 4935 | 66.3 | 4545 | 67.7 |
| Visits for antenatal care | ||||||||
| Less than 4 visits | 3410 | 85.8 | 3987 | 71.2 | 4713 | 63.4 | 2414 | 41.1 |
| At least 4 visits | 564 | 14.2 | 1611 | 28.8 | 2723 | 36.6 | 3452 | 58.9 |
| Deliveries by skilled birth attendants | ||||||||
| Yes | 743 | 18.5 | 2365 | 41.9 | 4112 | 55.2 | 4833 | 72.0 |
| No | 3285 | 81.5 | 3280 | 58.1 | 3312 | 44.5 | 1879 | 28.0 |
| Ideal family size | ||||||||
| 1–2 | 219 | 5.4 | 735 | 12.9 | 1055 | 14.2 | 1174 | 17.5 |
| 3–4 | 1045 | 25.8 | 3032 | 53.4 | 4200 | 56.4 | 3479 | 51.8 |
| 5 and above | 2791 | 68.8 | 1910 | 33.6 | 2191 | 29.4 | 2059 | 30.7 |
| Desire for more children/Fertility intention | ||||||||
| Wants more children | 1748 | 43.7 | 2647 | 46.7 | 3592 | 49.0 | 3115 | 47.2 |
| Wants no more | 2254 | 56.3 | 3023 | 53.3 | 3745 | 51.0 | 3480 | 52.8 |
| Current use of contraception | ||||||||
| Yes | 475 | 11.7 | 1670 | 29.4 | 2774 | 37.3 | 2421 | 36.1 |
| No | 3586 | 88.3 | 4007 | 70.6 | 4672 | 62.7 | 4290 | 63.9 |
*Missing information indicates the non-availability of data within the respective PDHS wave