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. 2022 Apr 14;22:118. doi: 10.1186/s12905-022-01704-2

Table 4.

Bivariable logistic regression of Consanguinity with sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive health and fertility behavior

Characteristics PDHS (1990–1991) PDHS (2006–2007) PDHS (2012–2013) PDHS (2017–2018)
n = 4061 n = 5677 n = 7446 n = 6711
OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value
Sociodemographic characteristics and co-variates
Regions/Provinces
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1 1 1 1
Punjab 1.76 1.47–2.12  < 0.01 1.70 1.45–1.99  < 0.01 1.25 1.09–1.43  < 0.01 0.93 0.81–1.07 0.30
Sindh 1.48 1.20–1.84  < 0.01 2.11 1.76–2.53  < 0.01 1.64 1.39–1.92  < 0.01 1.74 1.47–2.05  < 0.01
Baluchistan 2.19 1.50–3.19  < 0.01 2.05 1.51–2.78  < 0.01 1.51 1.17–1.95  < 0.01 1.13 0.89–1.45 0.31
Gilgit Baltistan – – – – – – 0.70 0.41–1.21 0.20 – – –
Islamabad – – – – – – 0.88 0.43–1.82 0.75 0.76 0.44–1.32 0.34
FATA – – – – – – 0.79 0.56–1.12 0.19
Geographical classification
Rural 1 1 1 1
Urban 0.55 0.48–0.64  < 0.01 0.60 0.53–0.68  < 0.01 0.49 0.45–0.55  < 0.01 0.72 0.65–0.80  < 0.01
Respondents’ age
15–24 years 1 1 1 1
25–34 years 0.80 0.68–0.94  < 0.01 0.86 0.75–0.99 0.04 0.77 0.68–0.87  < 0.01 0.75 0.65–0.84  < 0.01
35 years and above 0.72 0.60–0.86  < 0.01 0.91 0.77–1.07 0.27 0.78 0.67–0.90  < 0.01 0.74 0.63–0.86  < 0.01
Respondents’ education status
Uneducated 1 1 1 1
Primary 0.99 0.79–1.24 0.93 0.87 0.74–1.02 0.08 0.81 0.70–0.92  < 0.01 0.84 0.73–0.97 0.02
Secondary 0.50 0.41–0.61  < 0.01 0.69 0.59–0.81  < 0.01 0.55 0.49–0.63  < 0.01 0.66 0.58–0.75  < 0.01
Higher 0.37 0.20–0.67  < 0.01 0.51 0.41–0.64  < 0.01 0.38 0.33–0.45  < 0.01 0.43 0.37–0.50  < 0.01
Husbands’ education status
Uneducated 1 1 1 1
Primary 1.41 1.17–1.69  < 0.01 1.02 0.86–1.21 0.79 1.11 0.95–1.28 0.17 1.13 0.96–1.33 0.12
Secondary 1.11 0.96–1.29 0.16 0.94 0.82–1.07 0.33 0.91 0.81–1.02 0.10 0.83 0.73–0.94 0.01
Higher 0.77 0.56–1.05 0.09 0.89 0.75–1.06 0.21 0.77 0.66–0.89  < 0.01 0.66 0.57–0.77  < 0.01
Respondents’ employment status
Unemployed 1 1 1 1
Employed 1.22 1.02–1.45 0.02 1.33 1.17–1.51  < 0.01 1.67 1.49–1.87  < 0.01 1.09 0.95–1.24 0.19
Husbands’ employment status
Unemployed 1 1 1 1
Employed 0.84 0.52–1.35 0.47 0.97 0.71–1.35 0.89 0.79 0.54–1.18 0.25 0.70 0.50–0.98 0.03
Mass media exposure
No 1 1 1
Yes 0.74 0.65–0.85  < 0.01 – – – 0.71 0.64–0.79  < 0.01 0.78 0.71–0.87  < 0.01
Respondents’ healthcare decision-making autonomy
No 1 1
Yes – – – – – – 0.76 0.69–0.84  < 0.01 0.89 0.83–0.96  < 0.01
Wealth quintile
Poorest 1 1 1 1
Poorer 1.13 0.89–1.43 0.31 0.68 0.57–0.81  < 0.01 0.69 0.59–0.82  < 0.01 0.63 0.54–0.74  < 0.01
Middle 0.77 0.61–0.96 0.02 0.57 0.48–0.69  < 0.01 0.54 0.46–0.63  < 0.01 0.65 0.55–0.76  < 0.01
Richer 0.74 0.60–0.92  < 0.01 0.49 0.41–0.59  < 0.01 0.36 0.31–0.42  < 0.01 0.47 0.41–0.56  < 0.01
Richest 0.73 0.59–0.90  < 0.01 0.46 0.39–0.56  < 0.01 0.33 0.28–0.39  < 0.01 0.35 0.30–0.41  < 0.01
Reproductive health and fertility behaviors
Respondents’ age at first birth
 < 20 years 1 1 1 1
20–34 years 0.91 0.80–1.04 0.17 0.86 0.77–0.96 0.01 0.63 0.57–0.70  < 0.01 0.71 0.64–0.78  < 0.01
35–49 years 0.69 0.30–1.58 0.38 0.37 0.14–0.97 0.04 0.75 0.34–1.65 0.48 0.45 0.24–0.83 0.01
Gravidity
6 and above 1 1 1 1
3–5 1.10 0.94–1.29 0.23 0.98 0.85–1.14 0.86 0.94 0.81–1.07 0.37 0.96 0.82–1.12 0.61
1–2 1.35 1.13–1.60  < 0.01 1.05 0.90–1.23 0.51 0.94 0.82–1.08 0.41 0.99 0.84–1.16 0.91
Parity
5 children and above 1 1 1 1
3–4 children 0.98 0.84–1.15 0.88 0.87 0.76–1.00 0.05 0.95 0.84–1.07 0.38 0.93 0.81–1.06 0.26
1–2 children 1.15 0.98–1.34 0.07 0.92 0.81–1.05 0.23 0.88 0.78–0.98 0.02 0.97 0.86–1.10 0.65
Number of living children
5 children and above 1 1 1 1
3–4 children 1.11 0.94–1.29 0.19 0.98 0.85–1.13 0.79 0.97 0.85–1.11 0.69 0.91 0.79–1.05 0.20
1–2 children 1.32 1.13–1.54  < 0.01 1.00 0.87–1.14 0.98 0.93 0.83–1.05 0.28 0.97 0.85–1.11 0.68
None 1.61 0.95–2.71 0.07 1.45 0.91–2.32 0.12 1.44 0.86–2.41 0.16 1.70 1.02–2.84 0.04
Ever terminated pregnancy
No 1 1 1
Yes – – – 2.31 2.06–2.59  < 0.01 1.31 1.18–1.45  < 0.01 1.10 1.02–1.19 0.01
Visits for antenatal care
Less than 4 visits 1 1 1 1
At least 4 visits 0.79 0.66–0.95 0.01 1.83 1.65–2.03  < 0.01 0.64 0.58–0.70  < 0.01 0.74 0.67–0.83  < 0.01
Deliveries by skilled birth attendants
No 1 1 1 1
Yes 0.66 0.56–0.77  < 0.01 1.79 1.64–1.95  < 0.01 0.75 0.68–0.83  < 0.01 0.76 0.68–0.85  < 0.01
Ideal family size
5 children or above 1 1 1 1
3–4 children 0.81 0.70–0.94 0.01 0.63 0.53–0.75  < 0.01 0.62 0.56–0.70  < 0.01 0.78 0.69–0.87  < 0.01
1–2 children 0.53 0.40–0.69  < 0.01 0.85 0.75–0.96 0.01 0.46 0.40–0.54  < 0.01 0.60 0.52–0.70  < 0.01
Desire for more children/Fertility intention
Wants more children 1 1 1 1
Wants no more 0.62 0.54–0.71  < 0.01 0.92 0.82–1.02 0.12 0.86 0.78–0.94  < 0.01 0.87 0.78–0.96 0.01
Current use of contraception
No 1 1 1 1
Yes 0.59 0.49–0.72  < 0.01 0.87 0.77–0.98 0.02 0.84 0.76–0.92  < 0.01 0.76 0.68–0.84  < 0.01

All significant values (p < 0.05) are marked in bold