Fig. 13.

(a) BP-based antibody conjugation system for biosensing applications. (b) Ultrasensitive biosensing platform based on biofunctionalized BP nanosheet deposited tilted fiber grating (BP-TFG) for the detection of human neuron-specific enolase (NSE). (c) BP deposition procedures: (i) silica fiber surficial treatment using alkaline solution, (ii) surficial silanization using APTES, (iii) deposition of BP multiple times. (d) Three-dimensional AFM mapping of BP-coated cylindrical fibers. (e) Correlation of wavelength shift versus NSE concentrations with the Hill model fit curve (red line). (f) Ultrasensitive specificity for BP-TFG biosensor against PBS, IgG, PSA, and NSE. Reproduced with permission.¹¹⁵ Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (g) BP nanosheets on an electrode combined with the aptamer DNA sequence as a biosensor for Mb biomarker detection. Photographs of (h) bulk BP, (i) liquid-phase exfoliated BP nanosheets with SEM images. SEM image of BP nanosheets (j) surface-functionalized with PLL chains and (k) functionalized with both poly-L-lysine (PLL) and anti-Mb aptamer (PLL-BP-Apt). (l) Calibration signal plot for targeting Mb biomarkers with varied concentrations. Inset shows the specificity for detecting Mb biomarkers versus non-specific hemoglobin (Hb) protein and bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. Reproduced with permission.³⁰² Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.