Fig. 8.

BP on 3D-printed polymer scaffolds for bone regeneration. (a) Schematic demonstration of the fabrication of 3D printed scaffolds functionalized with two-dimensional GO and BP nanosheets. (b) BP nanosheets release phosphate ions by oxidation, which enhances the proliferation of pre-osteoblasts and further helps to form biominerals for bone formation. (c) TEM images of BP nanosheets that wrapped together with GO nanosheets. (d) 3D scaffolds functionalization in GO, BP, and GO@BP solutions. (e) The printed 3D-PPF scaffolds and (f) scaffolds after functionalization. (g) SEM images of various morphologies of BP and GO nanosheets coated on the surfaces of the 3D scaffolds. The SEM of cells, live cell (green) and dead cell (red) staining, and immunofluorescence staining of vinculin (green) and F-actin (red) in MC3T3 pre-osteoblast cells that grow on the (h) pure 3D-PPF-amine scaffolds and scaffolds functionalized with (i) BP, (j) GO, and (k) GO@BP nanosheets. Reproduced with permission.²⁶³ Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.