Table 2.
Current progresses of 2D phosphorene in various biomedical applications
| Material | Application | Formulation | Cell and animal model | Outcomes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPNSs | Tumor killing and bone repair | BP/bioglass 3D printed scaffold | Osteosarcoma model Rat model of cranial defects |
NIR photothermal conversion kills osteosarcoma tumor Promote osteogenesis |
84 |
| BPNSs | Bone repair | BP/graphene-oxide 3D printed scaffold | In vitro pre-osteoblast cell study | GO facilitates cell adhesion Phosphate release from BP promotes cell proliferation Enhance osteogenesis |
263 |
| BPNSs | Tumor killing and bone repair | BP/PLGA/β-TCP/DOX 3D printed scaffold | Bone-tumor-bearing nude mice Rat cranial defects |
Strengthen mechanics Phosphate release Mitigate DOX toxicity Enhance osteogenesis |
262 |
| BPNSs | Bone repair | BP/PEA/GelMA hydrogel | Rabbit cranial defects | Sustained phosphorus supply Enhance gel mechanics |
274 |
| BPNSs | Bone repair | BP/PHEA/PDMA/PAM double network hydrogel | Rat cranial defects | BP induced CaP mineralization Enhance mechanics Favorable ECM microenvironment to mediate greater osteogenesis and bone regeneration |
273 |
| BPNSs | Bone repair | BPNSs/chitosan/PRP hydrogel | Rat with rheumatoid arthritis | NIR generates ROS to reduce inflammation Enhance osteogenesis and reduce arthritis friction |
343 |
| BPNSs | Bone repair | BPNSs/gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel | Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) Rat cranium defect model |
Photothermal antibacterial effect Strengthen crosslinking Promote in vitro osteogenesis without osteoinductive factors Significant cranial new bone formation |
42 |
| BPNSs | Bone repair | BPNSs/CNTpega/OPF hydrogel | In vitro pre-osteoblast cell study | Enhance adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenesis Elevated expression of osteogenic pathway genes under electric stimulation In situ gelation to fill femur defects, vertebral body cavities, and spinal fusion sites |
275 |
| BPQDs | Bone repair | BPQDs/aptamer-bioinspired matrix vesicles (Apt-bioinspired MVs) | Rat cranial defects | Targeted delivery and biomineralization Stimulating expression of heat shock proteins and alkaline phosphatase Outstanding bone regeneration |
285 |
| BPNSs | Bone repair | BP-SrCl2/PLGA microspheres | Rat femoral defects | Local release of Sr2+ at an optimal time NIR-responsive delivery Promote bone growth |
111 |
| BPNSs | Bone repair | BP/PCL/collagen nanofibers | In vitro cell experiment | Increase cell adhesion and proliferation Improve osteogenesis |
171 |
| BPNSs | Brain disorder | BP dispersed in saline | BALB/c mice injected with Evans blue | NIR facilitates blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration Capture of Cu2+ and protect neuronal cells from Cu2+-induced neurotoxicity |
124 |
| BP nano plates | Nerve regeneration | BP/polycaprolactone nerve tubes | Sprague-Dawley rats with 20 mm of sciatic nerve defect | Induced angiogenesis and neurogenesis Stimulated calcium-dependent axon regrowth and remyelination |
121 |
| BPNSs | Skin wound healing | BP/silk fibroin sponges | Kunming mice with 5 mm2 wound | Silk fibroin prevents rapid oxidation of BPNS NIR-induced anti-bacterial effect promotes wound repair |
134 |
| BPNSs | Acute kidney injury therapy | BPNSs in PBS | Human embryonic kidney 293 cells Glycerol-induced acute kidney injury mice |
Alleviate oxidative-pressure-induced cellular apoptosis Consumed ROS in kidneys Cure acute kidney injury |
|
| BPNSs | Biosensing of cardiac biomarkers | BP/poly-L-lysine/anti-myoglobin (Mb) aptamer electrodes | In vitro detection in potassium ferricyanide/potassium ferrocyanide solution | Record-low detection limit and sensitivity toward Mb Dynamic response range for myoglobin |
302 |
| BPNSs | Biosensing of cancer biomarkers | BP/antibody/tilted fiber biosensor | In vitro detection with custom-made microchannel container | Ultrahigh sensitivity of 4 orders of magnitude lower than the cutoff value of small cell lung cancer Enhanced sensitivity of 100-fold higher than graphene oxide or AuNPs biosensors |
115 |
| BPNSs | Biosensing of immunoglobulin | BP/Al2O3/Au/antibody field-effect transistor biosensor | In vitro detection with Keithley 4200 semiconductor system | High sensitivity and selectivity Lower limit of detection ∼10 ng ml−1 |
344 |
| BPNSs | Biosensing of nucleic acids and proteins | BP/polydopamine/aptamer Probes | In vitro detection in serum diluted samples or in living cells | High selectively of thrombin High sensitivity of ssDNA Senses mRNAs (C-myc, and actin) in living cells |
345 |
| BPQDs | Cancer immunotherapy |
BPQD/erythrocyte membranes nanovesicle (BPQD-RMNV) | Basal-like 4T1 breast tumor Cells BALB/c mice with 4T1 breast tumor |
Long circulation time and tumor accumulation in vivo NIR induces tumor apoptosis and recruits DCs to capture tumor antigens Combined with aPD-1 to delay metastatic tumor growth |
310 |
| BP nano particles | Cancer immunotherapy | BP/poly-L-histidine/ILsi/paclitaxel/erythrocyte membrane-YSA | C57BL/6 mice with MC-38 tumor | EM cloaking suppressed undesirable rapid paclitaxel release Anchoring YSA enhanced tumor targetability and endosomal escape Induce sufficient antitumor immune responses (CD8+ T cells, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) |
316 |
| BP nano Flakes | Cancer immunotherapy | BP/TGF-β inhibitor/neutrophil membrane | 4T1 lung metastatic tumor-bearing mice | PDT-induced inflammation in tumor TGF-β inhibitor-induced potent immune activation and effectively inhibited lung metastasis | 346 |
| BPQDs | Cancer immunotherapy | BPQDs/polyethylene glycol/sensitive poly(propylene sulfide) (PPS) vesicles | 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice | Enhanced photo-absorption in the NIR region High loading efficiency of immunoadjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) |
311 |
| BPQDsCancer immunotherapy | Cancer immunotherapy | BPQDs/PLGA/mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) | U251 tumor-bearing balb/c nude mice | PLGA/BPQDs transported from MSC to U251 cells and kill by irradiation Treated the U251 glioma tumor with longer retention times Enhanced photothermal effectivity on U251 glioma tumor |
117 |
| BPNSs | Cancer therapy | BPNSs/NIR-II-responsive carbon dots (NIR-II-CDs) | 4T1 tumor-bearing mice | Carbon dots improve stability of BP by isolating from water and oxygen Strengthen light-harvesting and achieve high photothermal conversion Excellent PTT and achieve complete tumor eradication |
145 |
| BPNSs | Cancer therapy | BPNSs/gold nanobipyramids (GNBPs) | Mice bearing orthotopic A549 human lung tumors | Increased 1O2 production by plasmon-enhanced light absorption Higher photothermal conversion Tumor inhibition by dual-modality phototherapy |
320 |
| BPQDs | Cancer therapy | BPQDs/polydopamine (PDA) | Nude mice bearing A375 human melanoma tumors | PDA scavenges reactive oxygen and prevents oxidation and stabilizes BPQDs in water PDA with NIR absorption improve photothermal conversion of BPQDs |
56 |
| BPNSs | Cancer therapy | BPNSs/human serum albumin (HSA)/paclitaxel (PTX) | In vitro study using U87MG human glioblastoma cells | Great photothermal performance Excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, effective drug loading NIR-induced hyperthermia to improve drug delivery and antitumor effect |
309 |
Abbreviations: aPD-1: programmed cell death protein 1 antibody; β-TCP: β-tricalcium phosphate; BPNRs: black phosphorous nanoribbons; BPNSs: black phosphorus nanosheets; BPQDs: black phosphorus quantum dots; CNTpega: carbon nanotube poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate; Col: collagen; DC: dendritic cells; DOX: doxorubicin; ILsi: interleukin-1α silencing small interfering RNA; NIR: near-infrared; OPF: oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate); PAM: polyacrylamide; PCL: poly(ε-caprolactone); PDMA: poly(N,N-dimethyl acrylamide); PDT: photodynamic therapy; PHEA: [poly(2-hydroxyethylacrylate); PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PRP: platelet-rich plasma; PTT: photothermal therapy; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TGF-β: transformation growth factor-β; YSA: ephrin-A2 receptor-specific peptide.