Brown 2013.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Location: USA Setting: unclear, recruitment from community Recruitment: newspaper and radio advertisements targeting smokers who had “previous difficulty quitting for even short periods of time” Study dates: not reported
Participants	N = 49 Specialist population?: smokers with a history of early lapse (< 72 h post‐quit) Definition of smoker used: ≥ 15 cpd for at least the past 3 years Participant characteristics: 49% female; average age: 48 years; 90% white; 33% high school education or less; average cpd: 22; nicotine dependence: average FTND 6.3; 29% one or more depressive episodes
Interventions	Comparator: standard treatment covering self‐monitoring, identifying triggers, developing self‐management strategies for coping with triggers, and relapse prevention skills Mode of delivery: face‐to‐face (group), telephone Intensity: 6 face‐to‐face group sessions (x 90 min) and 1 phone call (20 min) over 6 weeks Pharmacotherapy: 8 weeks of nicotine patches from quit date (4 weeks x 21 mg, 2 x 14 mg, 2 x 7 mg) Type of therapist/provider: doctoral‐level psychologists or trainees (trained by senior investigators) BCTs: 1.2 Problem solving, 2.3 Self‐monitoring of behaviour, 8.2 Behaviour substitution; 11.1 Pharmacological support Intervention: distress tolerance treatment. This included exercises aimed at increasing participants’ tolerance of distress while maintaining a focus on the valued life goals associated with quitting smoking Mode of delivery: face‐to‐face (individual and group) Intensity: 6 individual sessions (x 50 min) and 9 group sessions (x 2 h) over 8 weeks Pharmacotherapy: 8 weeks of nicotine patches from quit date (4 weeks x 21 mg, 2 x 14 mg, 2 x 7 mg) Type of therapist/provider: doctoral‐level psychologists or trainees (trained by senior investigators) BCTs: 7.3 Reduce prompts/cues: 'nicotine fading', 11.1 pharmacological support
Outcomes	Definition of abstinence: 7‐day point prevalence Longest follow‐up: 6 months Biochemical verification: CO ≤ 5 ppm and cotinine ≤ 10 ng/mL Other relevant outcomes reported: negative affect
Notes	Relevant comparisons: distress tolerance training + NRT vs standard treatment + NRT Funding source: National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA017332) Author conflicts of interest: “None declared”
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Concealment not reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Abstinence biochemically verified
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	At 6‐month follow‐up 7.4% (2/27) were lost to follow‐up in the intervention group and 4.8% (1/21) in the control group
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol available