Gaskins 2015.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: RCT Location: USA Setting: community Recruitment: advertisements on radio and local newspapers, flyers in local papers and posted at local venues (e.g. pharmacies, supermarkets), and brief descriptions of the study listed in guides published by local yoga studios Study dates: 2009‐11
Participants	N = 38 Specialist population?: men Definition of smoker used: ≥ 5 cpd for the past year Participant characteristics: 0% female; average age: 40 years; 95% white; 11% less than high school education; 13% household income < USD 10,000; average cpd: 19; nicotine dependence: average FTND 4.8
Interventions	Comparator: CBT + wellness classes Mode of delivery: face‐to‐face (individual), written materials, video Intensity: 8 CBT sessions (x 30 min) each followed by a brief wellness discussion over 8 weeks Pharmacotherapy: none Type of therapist/provider: CBT: doctoral‐level counsellor; wellness: smoking counsellor BCTs: 1.1 Goal setting (behaviour), 1.2 Problem solving, 2.3 Self monitoring of behaviour, 3.1 Social support, 11.2 Reduce negative emotions Intervention: CBT + Vinyasa yoga Mode of delivery: face‐to‐face (individual CBT, group yoga) Intensity: 16 Vinyasa yoga classes (x 60–90 min) and 8 CBT sessions (x 30 min) over 8 weeks Pharmacotherapy: none Type of therapist/provider: CBT: doctoral‐level counsellor; yoga: certified yoga instructors BCTs: 1.1 Goal setting (behaviour), 1.2 Problem solving, 2.3 Self‐monitoring of behaviour, 3.1 Social support (unspecified), 11.2 Reduce negative emotions, 12.6 Body changes (yoga and relaxation)
Outcomes	Definition of abstinence: 7‐day point prevalence Longest follow‐up: 6 months Biochemical verification: CO < 8 ppm Other relevant outcomes reported: depression, anxiety
Notes	Relevant comparisons: Vinyasa yoga + CBT vs wellness classes + CBT Funding source: National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary, and Alternative Medicine (R21AT003669) Author conflicts of interest: “Ronnesia B. Gaskins, Ernestine Jennings, Herpreet Thind, Joseph Fava, Santina Horowitz, Ryan Lantini, Bruce M. Becker, and Beth C. Bock declare that they have no conflict of interest.”
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Concealment not reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Abstinence biochemically verified
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Attrition was different across groups, with high attrition in the yoga group: 56.5% (13/23) in the intervention group vs. 26.7% (4/15) in the control group
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Prespecified outcomes reported