Table 2.

List of the investigated challenges.

Sr. #	Investigated challenges	Frq. (N = 41)	%Age	Primary studies
Ch1	Easy access of learning for students	19	46.34	PS3, PS17, PS33, PS2, PS37, PS17, PS19, PS12, PS40, PS10, PS15, PS25, PS23, PS16, PS27, PS11, PS1, PS5, PS8
Ch2	Redefining what teachers and schools mean to society	15	36.59	PS14, PS27, PS38, PS15, PS24, PS9, PS18, PS31, PS4, PS20, PS13, PS16, PS25, PS33, PS8
Ch3	Self-care, wellbeing and safe school opening	30	73.17	PS24, PS27, PS38, PS5, PS14, PS9, PS18, PS13, PS4, PS20, PS31, PS15, PS25, PS33, PS18, PS12, PS30, PS2, PS40, PS7, PS11, PS1, PS40, PS23, PS41, PS3, PS20, PS12, PS32, PS31
Ch4	Forging stronger links with parents and community	13	31.71	PS27, PS38, PS15, PS24, PS9, PS18, PS31, PS4, PS20, PS13, PS16, PS25, PS33
Ch5	Learning continuity and quality of education	22	53.66	PS24, PS27, PS38, PS5, PS14, PS9, PS18, PS13, PS4, PS20, PS31, PS15, PS25, PS33, PS12, PS2, PS11, PS1, PS23, PS41, PS3, PS20
Ch6	Ensuring distributive leadership	25	60.98	PS40, PS1, PS12, PS11, PS13, PS25, PS10, PS4, PS35, PS2, PS37, PS33, PS41, PS14, PS26, P28, PS13, PS39, PS36, PS7, PS6, PS32, PS30, PS3, PS15
Ch7	Emotional health of students and teachers	24	58.54	PS40, PS1, PS12, PS11, PS13, PS25, PS10, PS4, PS35, PS2, PS37, PS33, PS41, PS14, PS26, P28, PS13, PS39, PS36, PS7, PS6, PS32, PS30, PS4
Ch8	Exacerbated student attendance issues	16	39.02	PS7, PS12, PS27, PS23, PS15, PS24, PS9, PS18, PS31, PS33, PS37, PS41, PS1, PS40, PS26, PS3
Ch9	Engaging in constant updating	12	29.27	PS1, PS12, PS11, PS13, PS25, PS10, PS4, PS35, PS2, PS37, PS33, PS41
Ch10	Downplaying the threat and withholding bad news	18	43.90	PS2, PS40, PS13, PS15, PS16, PS23, PS41, PS33, PS34, PS11, PS24, PS26, PS27, PS29, PS31, PS36, PS37
Ch11	Communicating with transparency	11	26.83	PS15, PS16, PS23, PS41, PS33, PS34, PS11, PS24, PS26, PS27, PS29
Ch12	Effective communication methods	19	46.34	PS2, PS40, PS13, PS15, PS16, PS18, PS22, PS23, PS41, PS33, PS34, PS11, PS24, PS26, PS27, PS29, PS31, PS36, PS37
Ch13	Scheduling and other logistical challenges	9	21.95	PS12, PS32, PS31, PS7, PS6, PS10, PS19, PS39, PS37
Ch14	Equity gaps	27	65.85	PS24, PS27, PS38, PS5, PS14, PS9, PS18, PS13, PS4, PS20, PS31, PS15, PS25, PS33, PS18, PS12, PS30, PS2, PS40, PS7, PS11, PS1, PS40, PS23, PS41, PS3, PS20
Ch15	Striking a balance between technology and pedagogy	15	36.59	PS13, PS15, PS16, PS23, PS41, PS33, PS34, PS11, PS24, PS26, PS27, PS29, PS31, PS36, PS37
Ch16	Digital divides	28	68.29	PS38, PS5, PS14, PS9, PS18, PS13, PS4, PS20, PS31, PS15, PS25, PS33, PS18, PS12, PS30, PS2, PS40, PS7, PS11, PS1, PS40, PS23, PS41, PS3, PS20, PS12, PS32, PS31
Ch17	Technological needs to access teaching and learning	12	29.27	PS37, PS1, PS3, PS5, PS15, PS17, PS18, PS22, PS25, PS19, PS29, PS40
Ch18	The sudden transformation to online teaching	8	19.51	PS1, PS12, PS11, PS13, PS25, PS10, PS4, PS35
Ch19	Learning continuity and quality of education	17	41.46	PS2, PS40, PS13, PS15, PS16, PS23, PS41, PS33, PS34, PS11, PS24, PS26, PS27, PS29, PS31, PS36, PS37
Ch20	Assessment and evaluation challenges	11	26.83	PS37, PS1, PS3, PS5, PS15, PS17, PS18, PS22, PS25, PS19, PS29
Ch21	The problem of the practical course work	17	41.46	PS15, PS16, PS18, PS22, PS23, PS41, PS33, PS34, PS11, PS24, PS26, PS27, PS29, PS31, PS36, PS37, PS2, PS17, PS19
Ch22	Masking and ventilation mitigation strategies	19	46.34	PS2, PS4, PS15, PS16, PS18, PS22, PS23, PS41, PS33, PS34, PS11, PS24, PS26, PS27, PS29, PS31, PS36, PS37, PS2, PS17, PS19
Ch23	Cyber security of online education	23	56.10	PS40, PS1, PS12, PS11, PS13, PS25, PS10, PS4, PS35, PS2, PS37, PS33, PS41, PS14, PS26, P28, PS13, PS39, PS36, PS7, PS6, PS32, PS30
Ch24	Economic hardships of students and families	15	36.59	PS1, PS12, PS11, PS13, PS25, PS10, PS4, PS35, PS2, PS37, PS33, PS41, PS18, PS3, PS14