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. 2022 Mar 31;13:860418. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860418

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Copyright © 2022 Ruggiero, Pascucci, Cotugno, Domínguez-Rodríguez, Rinaldi, Tagarro, Rojo, Foster, Bamford, De Rossi, Nastouli, Klein, Morrocchi, Fatou, Smolen, Ozonoff, Di Pastena, Luzuriaga, Steen, Giaquinto, Goulder, Rossi, Levy, Pahwa, Palma and the EPIICAL Consortium

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Time of ART initiation and cell associated HIV-1 RNA (caRNA) are associated with phenotypic signs of B cell hyperactivation. Gating strategy is shown in (A); in (B) showed levels of DN in adolescents with perinatally aquired HIV-1 (HIV) and healthy controls (HC); (C, D) correlations between ABCs cells and age at ART start are shown; (E) correlation plot between viral correlates of recent replication and ABCs / exhausted T-cells are shown; differential analysis between levels of ABCs cells and caRNA or SPIKE being detected vs non-detected is shown in (F, G). p values are calculated using Mann Whitney test in (B, F, G). Spearman p values are shown in (B–D). Significance was set at p>0.05. DN, double negative; AM, activated memory; SW, Switched B-cells (memory B-cells); UNSW, Unswitched B-cells; MFI, mean fluorescent intensity.