Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of included patients.
| Variable, n (%) | Chinese patients (n = 168) | MIMIC-III Database (n = 1814) | Statistical | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 1814) | Training group (n = 1230) | Testing group (n = 584) | ||||
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 61.43 ± 17.66 | 62.16 ± 16.93 | 61.92 ± 17.31 | 62.66 ± 16.08 | t = −0.890 | 0.375 |
| Sex | χ 2 = 1.164 | 0.281 | ||||
| Male | 100 (59.52) | 1048 (57.77) | 700 (56.91) | 348 (59.59) | ||
| Female | 68 (40.48) | 766 (42.23) | 530 (43.09) | 236 (40.41) | ||
| Laboratory indicators | ||||||
| SaO2, mean ± SD | 90.02 ± 12.02 | 87.90 ± 13.99 | 87.88 ± 14.06 | 87.95 ± 13.85 | t = −0.090 | 0.926 |
| PaO2/FiO2, M (Q1, Q3) | 29.10 (18.73, 42.30) | 28.34 (16.94, 43.30) | 27.31 (16.52, 42.84) | 29.70 (17.94, 43.90) | Z = 1.922 | 0.056 |
| PLT, 109/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 220.00 (148.00, 300.00) | 211.00 (145.00, 293.00) | 209.00 (145.00, 288.00) | 218.00 (144.50, 308.00) | Z = 1.250 | 0.211 |
| pH, mean ± SD | 7.35 ± 0.11 | 7.34 ± 0.12 | 7.34 ± 0.12 | 7.35 ± 0.11 | t = −1.080 | 0.279 |
| Lactate, mmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.90 (1.35, 3.15) | 2.00 (1.30, 3.20) | 2.00 (1.30, 3.30) | 2.00 (1.30, 3.00) | Z = −1.162 | 0.245 |
| INR, %, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.54) | Z = 1.022 | 0.307 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.30) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.40) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.40) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.40) | Z = −0.417 | 0.677 |
| Hematocrit, %, mean ± SD | 32.66 ± 6.74 | 33.06 ± 6.42 | 33.04 ± 6.28 | 33.09 ± 6.71 | t = −0.140 | 0.886 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl, mean ± SD | 11.08 ± 2.31 | 11.11 ± 2.19 | 11.13 ± 2.15 | 11.09 ± 2.27 | t = 0.350 | 0.723 |
| AST, U/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 57.00 (28.50, 113.00) | 45.00 (28.00, 98.00) | 44.00 (28.00, 98.00) | 48.00 (28.00, 98.00) | Z = 0.427 | 0.669 |
| ALT, U/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 29.00 (17.00, 92.00) | 31.00 (18.00, 75.00) | 31.00 (18.00, 72.00) | 34.00 (18.00, 80.00) | Z = 0.996 | 0.319 |
| TBIL, umol/L | χ 2 = 0.068 | 0.794 | ||||
| Normal | 100 (59.52) | 1101 (60.69) | 744 (60.49) | 357 (61.13) | ||
| Abnormal | 68 (40.48) | 713 (39.31) | 486 (39.51) | 227 (38.87) | ||
| BUN, mg/dl | χ 2 = 1.019 | 0.313 | ||||
| Normal | 146 (86.90) | 1524 (84.01) | 1026 (83.41) | 498 (85.27) | ||
| Abnormal | 22 (13.10) | 290 (15.99) | 204 (16.59) | 86 (14.73) | ||
| WBC, 109/L | χ 2 = 0.009 | 0.925 | ||||
| Normal | 138 (82.14) | 1523 (83.96) | 1032 (83.90) | 491 (84.08) | ||
| Abnormal | 30 (17.86) | 291 (16.04) | 198 (16.10) | 93 (15.92) | ||
| Potassium, mmol/L | χ 2 = 0.358 | 0.550 | ||||
| Normal | 148 (88.10) | 1524 (84.01) | 1029 (83.66) | 495 (84.76) | ||
| Abnormal | 20 (11.90) | 290 (15.99) | 201 (16.34) | 89 (15.24) | ||
| Sodium, mmol/L | χ 2 = 0.052 | 0.820 | ||||
| Normal | 153 (91.07) | 1638 (90.30) | 1112 (90.41) | 526 (90.07) | ||
| Abnormal | 15 (8.93) | 176 (9.70) | 118 (9.59) | 58 (9.93) | ||
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L | χ 2 = 0.057 | 0.811 | ||||
| Normal | 136 (80.95) | 1479 (81.53) | 1001 (81.38) | 478 (81.85) | ||
| Abnormal | 32 (19.05) | 335 (18.47) | 229 (18.62) | 106 (18.15) | ||
| MAP, mean ± SD | 84.89 ± 17.78 | 84.58 ± 17.59 | 84.74 ± 17.32 | 84.24 ± 18.15 | t = 0.570 | 0.567 |
| Clinical data | ||||||
| ICU type | χ 2 = 2.087 | 0.149 | ||||
| Medical ICU | 53 (31.55) | 604 (33.30) | 396 (32.20) | 208 (35.62) | ||
| Others | 115 (68.45) | 1210 (66.70) | 834 (67.80) | 376 (64.38) | ||
| ARDS causes | χ 2 = 4.720 | 0.094 | ||||
| Pneumonia | 7 (4.17) | 150 (8.27) | 109 (8.86) | 41 (7.02) | ||
| Sepsis | 2 (1.19) | 51 (2.81) | 40 (3.25) | 11 (1.88) | ||
| Others | 159 (94.64) | 1613 (88.92) | 1081 (87.89) | 532 (91.10) | ||
| Bicarbonate input | χ 2 = 1.614 | 0.204 | ||||
| No | 152 (90.48) | 1560 (86.00) | 1049 (85.28) | 511 (87.50) | ||
| Yes | 16 (9.52) | 254 (14.00) | 181 (14.72) | 73 (12.50) | ||
| Ventilation | χ 2 = 0.997 | 0.318 | ||||
| No | 21 (12.50) | 264 (14.55) | 172 (13.98) | 92 (15.75) | ||
| Yes | 147 (87.50) | 1550 (85.45) | 1058 (86.02) | 492 (84.25) | ||
| Ventilation time, days, M (Q1, Q3) | 7.00 (2.50, 14.00) | 7.00 (3.00, 15.00) | 8.00 (3.00, 15.00) | 7.00 (3.00, 15.00) | Z = −0.731 | 0.465 |
| SAPS II, M (Q1, Q3) | 36.00 (29.00, 47.00) | 38.00 (29.00, 48.00) | 38.00 (29.00, 48.00) | 39.00 (29.00, 47.50) | Z = 0.263 | 0.793 |
| GCS score, M (Q1, Q3) | 9.00 (5.00, 13.00) | 9.00 (5.00, 14.00) | 8.00 (4.00, 13.00) | 9.00 (5.00, 14.00) | Z = 1.736 | 0.068 |
| SOFA score, M (Q1, Q3) | 6.00 (4.00, 9.00) | 6.00 (4.00, 9.00) | 7.00 (4.00, 9.00) | 6.00 (4.00, 9.00) | Z = −0.453 | 0.650 |
| Immune function impairment | χ 2 = 0.567 | 0.452 | ||||
| No | 127 (75.60) | 1270 (70.01) | 868 (70.57) | 402 (68.84) | ||
| Yes | 41 (24.40) | 544 (29.99) | 362 (29.43) | 182 (31.16) | ||
| Heart failure | χ 2 = 0.294 | 0.588 | ||||
| No | 116 (69.05) | 1261 (69.51) | 860 (69.92) | 401 (68.66) | ||
| Yes | 52 (30.95) | 553 (30.49) | 370 (30.08) | 183 (31.34) | ||
| Renal failure | χ 2 = 0.001 | 0.975 | ||||
| No | 113 (67.26) | 1203 (66.32) | 816 (66.34) | 387 (66.27) | ||
| Yes | 55 (32.74) | 611 (33.68) | 414 (33.66) | 197 (33.73) | ||
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min, M (Q1, Q3) | 16.00 (14.00, 23.00) | 18.00 (14.00, 24.00) | 19.00 (14.00, 24.00) | 18.00 (14.00, 24.00) | Z = −1.214 | 0.225 |
| Heart rate, breaths/min, mean ± SD | 91.51 ± 21.17 | 94.13 ± 21.11 | 94.36 ± 21.49 | 93.64 ± 20.30 | t = 0.670 | 0.500 |
| Outcome | χ 2 = 1.165 | 0.280 | ||||
| Survival | 90 (53.57) | 942 (51.93) | 628 (51.06) | 314 (53.77) | ||
| Death | 78 (46.43) | 872 (48.07) | 602 (48.94) | 270 (46.23) | ||
Note. ICU: intensive care unit; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; INR: international normalized ratio; RBC: red blood cell; PLT: platelet; TBIL: total bilirubin; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; WBC: white blood cell; MAP: mean arterial pressure; SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; SOFA score: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score.