Table 2.
Summary statistics for the primary and secondary outcomes
| gameChange VR therapy plus usual care group | Usual care alone group | Adjusted treatment difference (95% CI)* | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcomes | |||||
| O-AS avoidance | |||||
| Baseline | 3·2 (2·5) [173] | 3·4 (2·7) [172] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 1·9 (2·2) [160] | 2·5 (2·6) [160] | −0·47 (−0·88 to −0·06); standardised effect size −0·18 (−0·34 to −0·02) | 0·026 | |
| O-AS distress | |||||
| Baseline | 51·4 (16·4) [174] | 52·6 (17·2) [172] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 41·3 (18·8) [160] | 45·8 (20·4) [162] | −4·33 (−7·78 to −0·87); standardised effect size −0·26 (−0·46 to −0·05) | 0·014 | |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| O-BAT avoidance | |||||
| Baseline | 2·7 (1·3) [95] | 2·8 (1·3) [96] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 1·6 (1·7) [59] | 2·3 (1·6) [55] | −0·89 (−1·38 to −0·39) | 0·0004 | |
| 26 weeks | 1·1 (1·8) [9] | 2·2 (2·1) [11] | −0·87 (−1·63 to −0·11) | 0·025 | |
| O-BAT distress | |||||
| Baseline | 5·5 (1·9) [94] | 5·5 (2·1) [95] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 3·1 (2·4) [55] | 3·9 (2·6) [52] | −0·86 (−1·72 to 0·01) | 0·052 | |
| 26 weeks | 2·4 (2·9) [8] | 2·6 (2·8) [8] | −0·32 (−1·97 to 1·33) | 0·70 | |
| O-AS avoidance | |||||
| 26 weeks | 2·0 (2·3) [157] | 2·5 (2·6) [159] | −0·37 (−0·78 to 0·05); standardised effect size −0·14 (−0·30 to 0·02) | 0·083 | |
| O-AS distress | |||||
| 26 weeks | 40·7 (20·6) [156] | 43·9 (21·6) [161] | −2·50 (−5·98 to 0·97); standardised effect size −0·15 (−0·36 to 0·06) | 0·16 | |
| Agoraphobia Mobility Inventory-Avoidance | |||||
| Baseline | 3·3 (0·7) [167] | 3·2 (0·8) [164] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 2·9 (0·8) [152] | 3·0 (0·9) [152] | −0·13 (−0·27 to 0·00) | 0·055 | |
| 26 weeks | 2·9 (0·8) [146] | 3·0 (0·9) [145] | −0·11 (−0·25 to 0·03) | 0·12 | |
| R-GPTS-A (paranoia, reference) | |||||
| Baseline | 14·1 (9·3) [158] | 12·6 (9·1) [161] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 10·6 (8·5) [142] | 10·7 (8·4) [146] | −1·37 (−2·94 to 0·20) | 0·087 | |
| 26 weeks | 11·0 (9·6) [133] | 10·4 (9·1) [134] | −0·39 (−2·00 to 1·22) | 0·64 | |
| R-GPTS-B (paranoia, persecution) | |||||
| Baseline | 17·3 (12·7) [158] | 14·2 (12·9) [161] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 13·0 (11·9) [142] | 12·2 (12·6) [146] | −1·66 (−3·73 to 0·40) | 0·12 | |
| 26 weeks | 12·8 (12·6) [133] | 11·7 (12·6) [134] | −0·62 (−2·74 to 1·49) | 0·57 | |
| R-GPTS total (paranoia) | |||||
| Baseline | 31·3 (20·7) [158] | 26·7 (20·8) [161] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 23·6 (19·3) [142] | 22·9 (19·9) [146] | −3·14 (−6·49 to 0·21) | 0·066 | |
| 26 weeks | 23·8 (21·3) [133] | 22·1 (20·4) [134] | −1·10 (−4·52 to 2·33) | 0·53 | |
| Paranoia Worries Questionnaire | |||||
| Baseline | 9·8 (6·2) [158] | 8·9 (6·2) [156] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 7·7 (6·1) [141] | 7·5 (6·1) [145] | −0·47 (−1·60 to 0·66) | 0·42 | |
| 26 weeks | 7·3 (6·1) [127] | 7·1 (6·5) [134] | −0·15 (−1·32 to 1·01) | 0·79 | |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depression) | |||||
| Baseline | 15·1 (6·0) [166] | 14·1 (6·5) [162] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 12·5 (6·2) [147] | 12·1 (6·0) [150] | −0·24 (−1·48 to 0·99) | 0·70 | |
| 26 weeks | 12·5 (6·7) [134] | 11·6 (6·6) [137] | 0·11 (−1·17 to 1·39) | 0·87 | |
| Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (suicidal ideation) | |||||
| Baseline | 1·1 (1·3) [155] | 0·9 (1·3) [154] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 0·9 (1·3) [121] | 0·8 (1·4) [123] | −0·14 (−0·33 to 0·04) | 0·13 | |
| 26 weeks | 0·8 (1·3) [110] | 0·7 (1·3) [113] | −0·06 (−0·25 to 0·14) | 0·57 | |
| Time budget | |||||
| Baseline | 51·9 (17·4) [151] | 53·2 (16·8) [142] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 55·8 (16·0) [124] | 57·6 (15·5) [119] | −1·75 (−4·73 to 1·23) | 0·25 | |
| 26 weeks | 57·3 (18·2) [85] | 57·7 (17·5) [85] | −1·01 (−4·55 to 2·52) | 0·58 | |
| Actigraphy, mean number of steps per day | |||||
| Baseline | 4727·4 (3016·6) [95] | 4942·9 (3107·3) [89] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 5260·7 (3528·8) [57] | 4717·4 (3647·5) [63] | 578·7 (−333·8 to 1491·1) | 0·21 | |
| 26 weeks | 5856·1 (2568·1) [26] | 5603·9 (2838·3) [27] | 751·1 (−533·6 to 2035·8) | 0·25 | |
| EQ-5D-5L index | |||||
| Baseline | 0·5 (0·3) [172] | 0·5 (0·3) [170] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 0·6 (0·3) [152] | 0·6 (0·3) [155] | 0·03 (−0·02 to 0·08) | 0·23 | |
| 26 weeks | 0·6 (0·3) [142] | 0·6 (0·3) [145] | −0·00 (−0·05 to 0·05) | 0·86 | |
| EQ-5D visual analogue scale | |||||
| Baseline | 51·6 (19·2) [171] | 53·2 (19·1) [170] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 56·6 (19·7) [153] | 54·9 (20·7) [156] | 3·06 (−1·18 to 7·30) | 0·16 | |
| 26 weeks | 56·1 (21·3) [145] | 56·7 (22·4) [146] | −0·29 (−4·65 to 4·06) | 0·89 | |
| Recovering Quality of Life total | |||||
| Baseline | 33·6 (13·3) [166] | 35·5 (13·2) (163] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 38·1 (13·8) [149] | 39·4 (14·5) [147] | 1·06 (−1·53 to 3·65) | 0·42 | |
| 26 weeks | 39·5 (15·1) [136] | 40·8 (15·2) [137] | 0·57 (−2·10 to 3·25) | 0·67 | |
| Questionnaire about the Progress of Recovery total | |||||
| Baseline | 27·2 (10·7) [173] | 28·1 (11·1) [170]] | .. | .. | |
| 6 weeks | 32·4 (11·2) [159] | 31·0 (11·3) [159] | 2·83 (0·90 to 4·75) | 0·0039 | |
| 26 weeks | 33·1 (11·7) [148] | 32·6 (12·1) [151] | 1·71 (−0·25 to 3·67) | 0·088 | |
Data are mean (SD) [n assessed] unless otherwise stated. VR=virtual reality. O-AS=Oxford Agoraphobic Avoidance Scale. O-BAT=Oxford-Behavioural Assessment Task. R-GPTS=Revised Green et al Paranoid Thoughts Scale.
*
VR versus control; mean difference estimated from a linear mixed-effects model adjusting for site, service type, and baseline values of the outcome as fixed effects and participant as the random effect for all outcomes. Standardised effect size=estimated mean difference divided by baseline SD.