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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ear Hear. 2022 Jan 21;43(3):794–807. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000001172

Table 5.

Crude Multinomial Logistic Regression Models of Risk Factors Associated with Discrepancies Between Patient-reported and Audiometrically-defined Hearing Loss (HL) (ASHA Criteria for Frequencies of 0.25 to 12 kHz)

Variable Underestimation of
Audiometric HL
(vs concordance)		 Overestimation of
Audiometric HL
(vs concordance)		 Omnibus P
value
OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value
Age at audiometry 1.08 (1.07-1.10) <0.0001 1.00 (0.98-1.02) 0.92 <0.0001 a
Education 0.15 a
 Post-graduate Ref. Ref.
 College or university graduate 1.01 (0.74-1.38) 0.95 0.79 (0.46-1.37) 0.40
 After high school but not college graduate 0.74 (0.52-1.05) 0.09 0.79 (0.43-1.46) 0.46
 High school or less 1.39 (0.86-2.24) 0.18 1.41 (0.65-3.07) 0.39
Race 0.26
 White Ref. Ref.
 Non-white 1.03 (0.71-1.50) 0.88 1.58 (0.88-2.85) 0.13
Tinnitus b <0.0001 a
 Not at all Ref Ref.
 A little 1.11 (0.83-1.47) 0.49 4.44 (2.55-7.76) <0.0001
 Quite a bit 0.99 (0.62-1.60) 0.98 5.70 (2.70-12.01) <0.0001
 Very much 0.90 (0.55-1.47) 0.68 9.63 (4.84-19.14) <0.0001
Noise exposure 0.007 a
 Yes Ref. Ref.
 No 1.38 (1.09-1.77) 0.009 0.88 (0.57-1.36) 0.57
Use of anti-anxiety and anti-depressant medications c 0.65
 No Ref. Ref.
 Yes 1.19 (0.77-1.86) 0.43 1.34 (0.65-2.78) 0.43
Smoking status 0.03 a
 Never Ref. Ref.
 Former 1.19 (0.92-1.56) 0.19 1.14 (0.71-1.84) 0.59
 Current 0.82 (0.49-1.36) 0.44 2.15 (1.06-4.38) 0.03
Employment status 0.37
 Unemployed/Retired/ on disability leave Ref. Ref.
 Employed 1.13 (0.77-1.66) 0.53 0.76 (0.41-1.41) 0.39
Use hearing aid 0.099 a
 Yes Ref.
 No 1.95 (0.76-4.97) 0.16 0.58 (0.17-1.95) 0.38
Self-reported health 0.19 a
 Excellent Ref Ref.
 Very good 1.01 (0.72-1.42) 0.95 1.37 (0.69-2.73) 0.37
 Good 0.89 (0.63-1.28) 0.54 1.67 (0.84-3.31) 0.15
 Fair or poor 1.04 (0.59-1.81) 0.90 2.91 (1.18-7.19) 0.02
Time since chemotherapy, years <0.0001 a
 < 2 Ref. Ref.
 2-<5 0.88 (0.65-1.19) 0.41 1.23 (0.74-2.04) 0.42
 5-<10 1.77 (1.23-2.55) 0.002 1.51 (0.81-2.79) 0.19
 ≥ 10 1.86 (1.29-2.67) 0.0008 0.74 (0.35-1.57) 0.43
Conductive HL (middle ear deficit) <0.0001 a
 No HL and/or pure sensorineural HL Ref. Ref.
 Mixed and/or pure conductive HL 2.52 (1.77-3.58) <0.0001 1.63 (0.91-2.94) 0.10

Abbreviations: ASHA, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association criteria; CI, confidence interval; HL, hearing loss; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference.

Note: Each row of analysis is derived from a multinomial logistic regression model in which we report the effect for the independent variable of interest and discrepancy between patient-reported and audiometrically-defined HL (concordance, underestimation, and overestimation) as the outcome (dependent) variable.

P values with boldface indicate significance at P<0.05.

a

Variables with Omnibus (Wald chi-square from type 3 analysis of effects) P≤0.25 are selected to be included in the final multivariable model.

b

Tinnitus was assessed with the Scale for Chemotherapy-Induced Long-Term Neurotoxicity (SCIN) questionnaire on the basis of symptoms experienced over the past 4 weeks (Oldenburg et al. 2006).

c

Based on patient-reported prescription medications taken for at least the past 4 weeks. Medication indication was classified as used for anxiety and/or depression according to both (1) its pharmacological class and (2) if patients indicated its use was for anxiety and/or depression.