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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ear Hear. 2022 Jan 21;43(3):794–807. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000001172

Table 6.

Final Multivariable Multinomial Logistic Regression Model of Risk Factors Associated with Discrepancies Between Patient-reported and Audiometrically-defined Hearing Loss (HL) (ASHA: Frequencies 0.25-12 kHz)

Variable Underestimation of HL
(vs concordance)		 Overestimation of HL
(vs concordance)
OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value
Age at audiometry 1.09 (1.07-1.11) <0.0001 0.98 (0.95-1.00) 0.08
Education
 Post-graduate Ref. Ref.
 College or university graduate 1.57 (1.12-2.20) 0.01 0.66 (0.36-1.20) 0.17
 After high school but not college graduate 1.08(0.73-1.61) 0.68 0.64 (0.32-1.26) 0.19
 High school or less 2.12 (1.23-3.67) 0.007 1.19 (0.50-2.82) 0.69
Tinnitus a
 Not at all Ref. Ref.
 A little 1.19 (0.87-1.62) 0.27 4.65 (2.64-8.20) <0.0001
 Quite a bit 0.74 (0.43-1.27) 0.28 5.87 (2.65-13.04) <0.0001
 Very much 0.61 (0.35-1.07) 0.08 10.57 (4.91-22.79) <0.0001
Noise exposure
 Yes Ref. Ref.
 No 1.40 (1.06-1.84) 0.02 1.13 (0.70-1.83) 0.61
Use hearing aid
 Yes Ref. Ref.
 No 5.64 (1.84-17.32) 0.003 0.90 (0.24-3.41) 0.87
Conductive HL (middle ear deficit)
 No HL and/or pure sensorineural HL Ref. Ref.
 Mixed and/or pure conductive HL 2.01 (1.34-3.02) 0.0007 1.16 (0.59-2.29) 0.67

Abbreviations: ASHA, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association criteria; CI, confidence interval; HL, hearing loss; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference.

Note: The ORs and P values are from an adjusted multinomial logistic regression model that includes all variables listed in the table with discrepancy between patient-reported and audiometrically-defined HL (concordance, underestimation, and overestimation) as the outcome (dependent) variable.

Variables with Omnibus (Wald chi-square from type 3 analysis of effects) P>0.1 are removed from the final model in a backward deletion procedure. The Omnibus P value for the variables listed in the table include: age at audiometry (P<0.0001), education (P =0.004), tinnitus (P<0.0001), noise exposure (P=0.053), use hearing aid (P=0.004), conductive hearing loss (middle ear deficit) (P=0.002).

P values with boldface indicate significance of P<0.05.

a

Tinnitus was assessed with the Scale for Chemotherapy-Induced Long-Term Neurotoxicity (SCIN) questionnaire on the basis of symptoms experienced over the past 4 weeks (Oldenburg et al. 2006).