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. 2022 Apr 14;9:173. doi: 10.1038/s41597-022-01271-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Outward, return and transit total migration flows (in millions of people per five-year period) by sex, corresponding crude migration rates (migrants per thousand people in the population per five-year period) and proportions of migrants of each sex for five-year periods between 1990–1995 and 2015–2020 based on three estimation methods.