Table 1.
Prevalence of Pancreatic Steatosis and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome
| a) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population | Cohort description | Prevalence | Diagnostic modality | Diagnostic threshold |
| Pooled population1 | Based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of 12,675 individuals from South Korea, Italy, Indonesia, US, Turkey, and Taiwan | 33% | EUS, US, CT, MRI | Variable |
| Taiwanese adults2 | Those who had undergone a health checkup at the Health Management Center of National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) between January 2009 and December 2009 | 16% | US | Increased echogenicity (% not specified) of the pancreatic body compared with the kidney, using hepatic echogenicity as an intermediary comparison between the kidney and pancreas echogenicities |
| Chinese adults3 | Those who attended the Ningbo Chinese Medical Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University for medical examination or outpatient visit who responded to an advertisement from January 2015 to October 2017 | 11% | US | Pancreatic parenchymal echogenicity > 80%, compared with the spleen |
| Chinese adults4 | Those who had undergone a health checkup at the Health Examination Center of Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University between January 2013 and December 2013 | 30.7% | US | Increased echogenicity (% not specified) of the pancreatic body compared with the kidney, using hepatic echogenicity as an intermediary comparison between the kidney and pancreas echogenicities |
| Indonesian adults5 | Those who had undergone medical check-up and abdominal ultrasound in Medistra Hospital, Jakarta between January and December 2013 | 35% | US | Increased echogenicity (% not specified) of the pancreatic body compared with the kidney or liver |
| U.S. hospitalized children6 | Patients 2 to 18 years old who had undergone abdominal CT in the emergency department or inpatient ward within a 1-year time span | 10% (19% obese children, 8% nonobese children) | CT | A difference of −20 mean Hounsfield units between the pancreas and spleen |
| Egyptian obese children7 | Pre-pubertal Egyptian children with obesity | 58% | US | Increased echogenicity (% not specified) of the pancreas compared with the kidney |
| Hong Kong Chinese obese adolescents with NAFLD8 | Post-pubertal Hong Kong Chinese adolescents aged 14–18 years with primary obesity and NAFLD attending the Obesity and Lipid Disorder Clinic in the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong who enrolled in a dietician-led lifestyle modification program to reduce NAFLD in obese adolescents | 50% | MRE | Chemical shift encoded MRI‐pancreas proton density fat fraction ≥5% |
| b) | ||||
| Comorbidity | RR | 95% CI | ||
| Metabolic syndrome | 2·37 | 2·07–2·71 | ||
| NAFLD | 2·67 | 2·00–3·56 | ||
| Diabetes | 2·08 | 1·44–3·00 | ||
| Arterial hypertension | 1·67 | 1·32–2·10 | ||
a) Prevalence of pancreatic steatosis based on different study populations. B) Risk of metabolic syndrome in pancreatic steatosis. CT=computed tomography. EUS=endoscopic ultrasound. MRE=magnetic resonance enterography. MRI=magnetic resonance imaging. NAFLD=non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. US=ultrasound.