Table 2.

Mouse models of vitamin D and specific autoimmune disease. Publications for individual autoimmune diseases reporting effects of (i) dietary vitamin D-deficiency; (ii) supplementation with vitamin D or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D); (iii) knockout/over-expression of specific vitamin D-related genes.

Autoimmune disorder	Vitamin D deficiency	Vitamin D supplementation	Gene knockout/transgene
Rheumatoid arthritis		1,25D Cantorna et al. 1998 (131) 1,25D Zhou et al. 2019 (132) 1,25D Galea et al. 2019 (133)	Vdr Zwerina et al. 2011 (134) Cyp27b1 Gu et al. 2016 (135)
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Reynolds et al. 2016 (136) Yamamoto et al. 2020 (137)	Vitamin D Correa Freitas et al. 2019 (138)
Inflammatory bowel disease	Lagishetty et al. 2010 (139) Assa et al. 2014 (140) Ryz et al. 2015 (141) Wei et al. 2021 (142)	1,25D analogue Laverny et al. 2010 (143) 1,25D Ooi et al. 2013 (144) Vitamin D Yoo et al. 2019 (145)	Vdr Froicu et al. 2003 (146) VdrKong et al. 2007 (147) Cyp27b1Liu et al. (148) VdrKim et al. 2013 (149) VdrLu et al. 2021 (150)
Multiple sclerosis	DeLuca and Plum 2011 (151) Wang et al. 2012 (152) Fernandes de Abreu et al. 2012 (153)	1,25D Cantorna et al. 1996 (154) 1,25D Spach et al. 2004 (155) 1,25D Spach et al. 2006 (156) 1,25D Mayne et al. 2011 (157)	VdrWang et al. 2012 (152) Cyp27b1Wang et al. 2016 (158)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus	Giulietti et al. 2004 (159) Mathieu et al. 2004 (160)	1,25D Zella et al. 2003 (161)	VdrMathieu et al. 2001 (162) VdrGysemans et al. 2008 (163) VdrMorro et al. 2020 (164) GcViloria et al. 2021 (165)
Psoriasis			VdrKong et al. 2006 (166)
Autoimmune thyroid disease	Misharin et al. 2009 (167)
Vasculitis		1,25D Choi et al. 2011 (168) 1,25D Galea et al. 2019 (133)