TABLE 5.
Phenotypic properties of selected kefir isolates, including results for acid and bile resistance, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, antioxidant activity, adhesion, and cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells.a
| No. | Kefir isolate species | Strain | Acid and bile resistance, Log10CFU surviving |
BSH act-ivity | Anti-oxidant activity (AA %) | % Adhered to Caco-2 (%) | Cyto-toxicity to Caco-2 (%) | |||
| Initial | After pH2 exposure | After pH3 exposure | After bile exposure | |||||||
| 1 | Kef-w1 | 7.55 | 0.00 | 7.54 | 6.70 | - | 56% | 7.6% | 0.53% | |
| 2 | Kef-w2 | 7.51 | 0.00 | 7.53 | 6.83 | - | 51% | 1.2% | –0.37% | |
| 3 | Liquorilactobacillus | Kef-w11 | 7.70 | 0.00 | 7.57 | 5.28 | - | 32% | 10.0% | –0.05% |
| 4 | satsumensis | Kef-w13 | 7.44 | 0.00 | 7.31 | 7.11 | - | 58% | 3.3% | –0.20% |
| 5 | Kef-w18 | 7.55 | 2.74 | 7.55 | 5.54 | - | 62% | 8.9% | 1.21% | |
| 6 | Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens | Kef-m3 | 6.58 | 3.22 | 4.11 | 6.42 | - | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| 7 | Lactobacillus helveticus | Kef-m4 | 7.37 | 3.35 | 7.24 | 6.58 | - | 60% | 1.2% | 0.81% |
| 8 | Leuconostoc mesenteroides | Kef-m16 | 6.10 | 2.74 | 3.59 | 5.82 | - | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| 9 | Kef-m45 | 6.90 | 0.00 | 2.74 | 6.44 | - | Nil | Nil | Nil | |
| 10 | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei | Kef-w7 | 8.02 | 0.00 | 7.74 | 8.21 | - | 56% | 4.0% | –0.66% |
| 11 | Kef-w14 | 6.32 | 3.22 | 6.36 | 5.85 | - | 68% | 4.8% | 0.23% | |
| 12 | Kef-w17 | 8.03 | 0.00 | 8.09 | 7.86 | - | 63% | 3.0% | 0.07% | |
| 13 | Kef-w19 | 7.49 | 0.00 | 7.61 | 7.43 | - | 78% | 5.4% | 0.03% | |
| 14 | Kef-w20 | 6.90 | 0.00 | 5.76 | 7.09 | - | Nil | Nil | Nil | |
| 15 | Lentilactobacillus hilgardii | Kef-w8 | 7.49 | 0.00 | 7.14 | 7.48 | - | 23% | 17.6% | –2.14% |
| 16 | Kef-w9 | 7.69 | 0.00 | 7.12 | 7.89 | + | 37% | 17.2% | –3.24% | |
| 17 | Kef-w10 | 7.64 | 0.00 | 7.02 | 7.48 | + | 37% | 13.3% | –1.62% | |
| 18 | Lentilactobacillus kefiri | Kef-m15 | 7.28 | 0.00 | 6.92 | 8.24 | + | 69% | 10.2% | 0.81% |
| 19 | Liquorilactobacillus nagelii | Kef-w21 | 7.58 | 0.00 | 7.29 | 5.35 | - | 72% | 18.1% | 1.11% |
| 20 | Lactobacillus delbrueckii | Kef-m63 | 6.70 | 0.00 | 2.74 | 6.43 | + | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| 21 | Lactococcus lactis | Kef-m64 | 6.49 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.43 | + | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| 22 | Kef-m68 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.86 | + | Nil | Nil | Nil | |
| 23 | Kef-m89 | 7.59 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.29 | + | Nil | Nil | Nil | |
| 24 | Gluconobacter oxydans | Kef-w152 | 5.86 | 0.00 | 4.91 | 5.60 | - | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| 25 | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus | LGG | 7.51 | 0.00 | 7.48 | 7.47 | - | 73% | 0.9% | 0.84% |
| 26 | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum | Wild Type | Nil | + | Nil | Nil | Nil | |||
aAll results were calculated as an average of duplicate experiments. Nil indicates that the kefir isolate was not studied for the particular assay.