Table 2.
Summary of the diagnostic applications of AgNPs in detecting viral markers for the diagnosis of viral diseases.
|
Virus |
Type of detection |
Type of specimen detected |
Type of assay |
Characteristics of the assay |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Dengue Virus |
Colorimetric |
Nucleic acid |
AgNP‐ssDNA probe hybridization to complimentary target viral RNA |
Can distinguish between different serotypes of dengue virus strains. |
[147] |
|
HIV |
Colorimetric |
Nucleic acid |
DNA tetrahedron@AgNP integrated with a polymerization/nicking machinery |
Crosslinking aggregation of AgNP@DNA tetrahedron probes incite color variations. |
[148] |
|
Japanese encephalitis Virus (JEV) |
Colorimetric |
Antigen |
Antigen‐Antibody@AgNP sandwich |
Rapid and inexpensive optical probe |
[149] |
|
H1N1 Influenza Virus |
Chemiluminescent |
Antigen |
Antigen‐Antibody@AgNP sandwich |
Ultrasensitive and eliminates complex signal amplification procedures. |
[150] |
|
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) |
Electrochemical |
Nucleic acid |
Paper based sandwich type assay involving AgNP@labelled DNA and magnetic beads@target DNA |
Single sample incubation step that highly accentuates its speed, stability and robustness. |
[152,153] |
|
Dengue Virus |
Electrochemical |
Antigen |
Antigen‐Antibody@AgNP sandwich |
Involves diazonium assisted immobilization of AgNPs on pencil graphite electrodes |
[154] |
|
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) |
Electrochemical |
Antigen |
Antigen‐Antibody@AgNP sandwich |
Used riboflavin as the redox sensor |
[155] |
|
Avian Influenza Virus H7 |
Electrochemical |
Antigen |
Antigen‐Antibody@AgNP sandwich |
Involved the use of AgNPs and graphene nanocomposites |
[156] |
|
JEV |
Electrochemical |
Antigen |
Antigen‐Antibody@AgNP sandwich |
Used screen printed carbon electrodes |
[157] |
|
Tick borne encephalitis virus |
Electrochemical |
Antibody |
Antibody‐Antigen@AgNP sandwich |
Detection of specific IgG antibodies against tick borne encephalitis virus |
[158] |
|
Influenza Virus |
Electrochemical |
Whole Virus |
Whole virus@AgNPquantified by oxidation of AgNPs |
Generated electrical spikes proportional to the concentration of virus particles |
[159] |
|
HIV |
Fluorescent |
Antigen |
Sandwich‐based direct fluorescent assay of streptavidin@fluorescentAgNPs and biotin@antigen |
Immunosensing of HIV‐1 p24 antigen |
[161] |
|
H1N1 Influenza Virus |
Fluorescent |
Antigen |
Sandwich type indirect fluorescence‐based immunoassay |
Release of Ag+ ions to emit fluorescence |
[162] |
|
HBV |
Fluorescent |
Nucleic acid |
Sandwich based fluorescent microarray |
Exploits Metal Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) of AgNPs to detect target sequences with high specificity. |
[164] |
|
Ebola virus, Yellow fever virus, Dengue Virus |
Lateral flow immunoassay |
Antigen |
Sandwich based mutliplexed nano‐immunosensor |
Mutliple virus detection in a single test line on the basis of color |
[166] |
|
RSV |
Surface enhanced Raman scattering |
Antigen |
Enzyme based sandwich type immunoassay |
Involves horseradish peroxidase as an oxidizer of the Raman‐active molecule to generate SERS signal |
[168] |
|
HCV |
Surface enhanced Raman scattering |
Nucleic acid |
Detection of SERS signal from HCV markers |
AgNPs were used to amplify SERS signal |
[169] |