Table 1.
Participant characteristics at baseline.
| CB (n = 19) | SRP (n = 21) | PB (n = 23) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 12 (63) | 14 (66) | 18 (78) | 0.528 |
| Age (years) | 22.42 ± 3.29 | 22.28 ± 3.20 | 23.43 ± 2.90 | 0.247 |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.512 | |||
| University students | 12 (63%) | 11 (52%) | 11 (48%) | – |
| Graduated | 7 (37%) | 10 (48%) | 12 (52%) | – |
| Physical activity (mets/week) | 4,607 ± 1,728 | 4,850 ± 2,124 | 4,703 ± 2,381 | 0.954 |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| Body weight (kg) | 63.78 ± 10.04 | 63.26 ± 10.12 | 60.10 ± 7.72 | 0.412 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.59 ± 2.67 | 22.12 ± 3.52 | 22.19 ± 2.60 | 0.679 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 74.68 ± 5.99 | 72.73 ± 8.31 | 71.28 ± 5.53 | 0.228 |
| Body fat (%) | 26.22 ± 7.99 | 26.66 ± 8.07 | 28.45 ± 7.88 | 0.628 |
| Glucose metabolism | ||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.47 ± 0.24 | 4.54 ± 0.44 | 4.59 ± 0.35 | 0.581 |
| Lipid profile | ||||
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.80 ± 0.25 | 0.71 ± 0.20 | 0.85 ± 0.35 | 0.341 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.09 ± 0.64 | 4.33 ± 0.52 | 4.60 ± 0.88 | 0.137 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.30 ± 0.50 | 2.22 ± 0.39 | 2.60 ± 0.69 | 0.142 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.50 ± 0.30a | 1.75 ± 0.30b | 1.69 ± 0.40b | 0.006 |
| TC/HDL-c | 2.76 ± 0.38 | 2.52 ± 0.32 | 2.79 ± 0.57 | 0.056 |
| LDL-c/HDL-c | 1.56 ± 0.35a | 1.29 ± 0.29b | 1.59 ± 0.53ab | 0.031 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 110 ± 11.83 | 111 ± 7.34 | 109 ± 8.87 | 0.451 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70 ± 8.73 | 72 ± 7.63 | 72 ± 6.20 | 0.415 |
| Dietary intake | ||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2,596 ± 477.97 | 2,770 ± 594.50 | 2,705 ± 602.17 | 0.588 |
| Carbohydrates (g/day) | 246.74 ± 59.49 | 257.43 ± 80.73 | 241.26 ± 73.92 | 0.867 |
| Sugar (g/day) | 113.89 ± 41.02 | 115.86 ± 34.83 | 111.65 ± 35.04 | 0.906 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 38.93 ± 15.07 | 45.17 ± 21.95 | 42.12 ± 14.65 | 0.768 |
| Protein (g/day) | 107.75 ± 27.51 | 103.72 ± 29.47 | 110.17 ± 31.86 | 0.598 |
| Total fat (g/day) | 129.53 ± 28.96 | 144.55 ± 29.17 | 141.83± 35.35 | 0.249 |
| SFAs (g/day) | 36.81 ± 13.02 | 37.61 ± 10.00 | 38.18 ± 11.04 | 0.871 |
| MUFAs (g/day) | 59.46 ± 15.87 | 70.37 ± 16.12 | 69.06 ± 17.17 | 0.093 |
| PUFAs (g/day) | 23.59 ± 6.59 | 25.91 ± 6.76 | 23.99 ± 7.25 | 0.541 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
CB, control butter; SRP, skin roasted peanuts; PB, peanut butter; BMI, Body mass index; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; MUFAs, Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFAs, Saturated fatty acids; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; TC, Total cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
p column refers to differences between groups at baseline. P values < 0.05 are statistically significant (a and b superscripts) and were calculated by the Kruskal–Wallis test. Values shown in bold are statistically significant.