Table 2.
CB | SRP | PB | p1 |
p2
SRP vs. CB |
p2
PB vs. CB |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-
intervention |
Post-intervention | P1 |
Pre-
intervention |
Post-intervention | p1 |
Pre-
intervention |
Post-intervention | ||||
Anthropometric measurements | |||||||||||
Body weight (kg) | 63.78 ± 10.04 | 63.67 ± 10.97 | 0.930 | 63.26 ± 10.12 | 63.13 ± 10.91 | 0.850 | 60.10 ± 7.72 | 59.37 ± 7.90 | 0.742 | 0.896 | 0.600 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.59 ± 2.67 | 22.5 ± 2.93 | 0.895 | 22.12 ± 3.52 | 21.99 ± 3.46 | 0.940 | 22.19 ± 2.56 | 21.94 ± 2.71 | 0.835 | 0.982 | 0.672 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 74.68 ± 5.98 | 73.84 ± 6.84 | 0.599 | 72.73 ± 8.31 | 71.81 ± 7.79 | 0.706 | 71.28 ± 5.53 | 70.24 ± 5.70 | 0.560 | 0.962 | 0.893 |
Body fat (%) | 26.22 ± 7.99 | 25.66 ± 8.26 | 0.855 | 26.66 ± 8.07 | 26.16 ± 8.22 | 0.910 | 28.45 ± 7.88 | 27.77 ± 8.57 | 0.838 | 0.844 | 0.512 |
Glucose metabolism | |||||||||||
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.47 ± 0.24 | 4.58 ± 0.26 | 0.238 | 4.54 ± 0.43 | 4.76 ± 0.30 | 0.087 | 4.59 ± 0.35 | 4.65 ± 0.29 | 0.875 | 0.266 | 0.266 |
Lipid profile | |||||||||||
TG (mmol/L) | 0.80 ± 0.25 | 0.79 ± 0.24 | 0.594 | 0.71 ± 0.20 | 0.76 ± 0.22 | 0.876 | 0.85 ± 0.35 | 0.81 ± 0.30 | 0.505 | 0.557 | 0.847 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.09 ± 0.64 | 4.23 ± 0.64 | 0.807 | 4.33 ± 0.52 | 4.49 ± 0.70 | 0.498 | 4.60 ± 0.88 | 4.66 ± 0.86 | 0.975 | 0.968 | 0.709 |
LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.30 ± 0.50 | 2.49 ± 0.50 | 0.404 | 2.22 ± 0.39 | 2.45 ± 0.44 | 0.150 | 2.60 ± 0.69 | 2.80 ± 0.76 | 0.672 | 0.837 | 0.917 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.50 ± 0.30 | 1.42 ± 0.20 | 0.629 | 1.75 ± 0.30 | 1.68 ± 0.31 | 0.519 | 1.69 ± 0.40 | 1.59 ± 0.31 | 0.740 | 0.919 | 0.886 |
TC/HDL-c | 2.76 ± 0.38 | 2.99 ± 0.40 | 0.121 | 2.52 ± 0.32 | 2.69 ± 0.30 | 0.099 | 2.79 ± 0.57 | 2.97 ± 0.62 | 0.207 | 0.019 | 0.819 |
LDL-c/HDL-c | 1.56 ± 0.35 | 1.76 ± 0.37 | 0.125 | 1.29 ± 0.29 | 1.48 ± 0.29 | 0.072 | 1.59 ± 0.53 | 1.80 ± 0.61 | 0.191 | 0.008 | 0.727 |
Blood pressure | |||||||||||
SBP (mmHg) | 110 ± 11.83 | 110 ± 15.65 | 0.715 | 111 ± 7.34 | 111 ± 18.45 | 0.624 | 109 ± 8.87 | 106 ± 15.00 | 0.317 | 0.982 | 0.982 |
DBP (mmHg) | 70 ± 8.73 | 70 ± 12.83 | 0.693 | 72 ± 7.63 | 73 ± 12.71 | 0.734 | 72 ± 6.20 | 73 ± 9.38 | 0.886 | 0.487 | 0.487 |
Physical activity | |||||||||||
Physical activity (mets/week) | 4,607 ± 1,728 | 3,330 ± 1,983 | 0.034 | 4,850 ± 2,124 | 3,269 ± 1,613 | 0.012 | 4,703 ± 2,381 | 3,736 ± 1,837 | 0.144 | 0.416 | 0.290 |
Nutritional intake | |||||||||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 2,596 ± 477 | 2,640 ± 324 | 0.474 | 2,770 ± 594 | 2,663 ± 499 | 0.753 | 2,705 ± 602 | 2,668 ± 478 | 0.750 | 0.120 | 0.450 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 246 ± 59.49 | 227 ± 46.34 | 0.373 | 257 ± 80.73 | 238 ± 65.18 | 0.443 | 241 ± 73.92 | 226 ± 53.41 | 0.462 | 0.864 | 0.678 |
Sugar | 113 ± 41.02 | 93.25 ± 28.47 | 0.118 | 115 ± 34.83 | 101 ± 33.12 | 0.163 | 111 ± 35.04 | 95.69 ± 28.03 | 0.127 | 0.370 | 0.426 |
Fiber | 38.93 ± 15.07 | 34.97 ± 10.55 | 0.457 | 45.17 ± 21.95 | 43.80 ± 18.22 | 0.734 | 42.12 ± 14.65 | 40.56 ± 10.07 | 0.818 | 0.202 | 0.302 |
Protein (g/day) | 107 ± 27.51 | 115 ± 25.65 | 0.194 | 103 ± 29.47 | 105 ± 26.77 | 0.753 | 110 ± 31.86 | 111 ± 24.13 | 0.974 | 0.159 | 0.158 |
Total fat (g/day) | 129 ± 28.96 | 148 ± 22.71 | 0.084 | 144 ± 29.17 | 146 ± 28.43 | 0.642 | 141 ± 35.35 | 151 ± 31.07 | 0.386 | 0.080 | 0.168 |
SFAs (g/day) | 36.81 ± 13.02 | 38.04 ± 10.03 | 0.965 | 37.61 ± 10.00 | 36.76 ± 10.62 | 0.950 | 38.18 ± 11.04 | 37.37 ± 10.71 | 0.575 | 0.285 | 0.301 |
MUFAs (g/day) | 59.46 ± 15.87 | 67.29 ± 14.62 | 0.088 | 70.37 ± 16.12 | 67.76 ± 15.90 | 0.811 | 69.06 ± 17.17 | 69.73 ± 15.96 | 0.957 | 0.200 | 0.141 |
PUFAs (g/day) | 23.59 ± 6.59 | 20.69 ± 4.59 | 0.140 | 25.91 ± 6.76 | 22.45 ± 4.80 | 0.076 | 23.99 ± 7.25 | 21.90 ± 4.87 | 0.318 | 0.716 | 0.678 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
CB, control butter; SRP, skin roasted peanuts; PB, peanut butter; BMI, Body mass index; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; MUFAs, Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFAs, Saturated fatty acids; TG, Triglyceride; TC, Total cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
p1 represents the p value at the end of the intervention compared to baseline, calculated by Wilcoxon's test. p2 represents the p value between SRP and PB vs. CB at 6 months adjusted by sex and age, calculated by the generalized estimating equation (GEE). p values < 0.05 are statistically significant. Values shown in bold are statistically significant.