Table 3.
Generalized Estimating Equation analyses for factors associated with HIV prevalence among heterosexual men in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| Characteristics | Unadjusted OR 95%CI | P value | Adjusted OR 95%CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age group | ||||
| 25–50 years | 5.43 (3.69–7.99) | <0.001 | 4.82 (3.47–6.69) | <0.001 |
| 14–24 years | Ref | |||
| Education level | ||||
| Incomplete high school | 1.68 (1.31–2.15) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.39–1.85) | <0.001 |
| Completed high school | Ref | |||
| Employment status | ||||
| Student at tertiary institution | 0.27 (0.19–0.38) | <0.001 | ||
| Unemployed | 0.71 (0.52–0.98) | 0.037 | ||
| Employed | Ref | |||
| Relationship status | ||||
| Never married | 0.42 (0.17–1.05) | 0.063 | 0.86 (0.41–1.79) | 0.688 |
| Ever married | Ref | |||
| Duration of residing in the community | ||||
| ≥5 years | 1.94 (0.61–6.10) | 0.259 | ||
| <5 years | Ref | |||
| Ever had sex | ||||
| Yes | 1.78 (1.08–2.92) | 0.023 | ||
| No | Ref | |||
| Age at first sex | ||||
| <16 years | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) | 0.113 | ||
| Never had sex | 0.61 (0.37–1.00) | 0.051 | ||
| Refused | 0.98 (0.44–2.19) | 0.963 | ||
| ≥16 years | Ref | |||
| Condom use at first sex | ||||
| Never had sex | 0.87 (0.57–1.33) | 0.525 | 0.80 (0.49–1.32) | 0.382 |
| No | 1.84 (1.50–2.26) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.20–1.70) | <0.001 |
| Yes | Ref | |||
| Lifetime number of sex partners | ||||
| Between 2–5 partners | 1.24 (0.92–1.66) | 0.156 | ||
| More than 5 partners | 1.90 (1.67–2.16) | <0.001 | ||
| Don’t know/remember | 1.78 (1.48–2.14) | <0.001 | ||
| Never had sex | 0.85 (0.54–1.34) | 0.486 | ||
| One partners | Ref | |||
| Current number of sex partners | ||||
| 1 partner | 1.77 (1.07–2.90) | 0.025 | ||
| 2 or more partners | 1.80 (1.26–2.57) | 0.001 | ||
| Never had sex | 0.95 (0.46–1.97) | 0.892 | ||
| 0 Partner | Ref | |||
| Ever consumed alcohol | ||||
| Yes | 1.67 (1.27–2.18) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.15–2.31)) | 0.006 |
| No | Ref | |||
| Any substance use | ||||
| Yes | 1.22 (1.04–1.44) | 0.013 | 1.37 (1.31–1.44) | <0.001 |
| No | Ref | |||
| Ever tested for HIV | ||||
| No | 1.80 (1.18–2.76) | 0.007 | ||
| Yes | ||||
| Last HIV test done | ||||
| ≤12 months | 0.41 (0.28–0.61) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.36–0.80) | 0.002 |
| >12 months | 0.84 (0.57–1.26) | 0.403 | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 0.863 |
| Never tested for HIV | Ref | |||
| Ever had any genital symptoms | ||||
| Yes | 1.92 (1.21–3.04) | 0.006 | ||
| No | Ref | |||
| Medically circumcised | ||||
| No | 2.98 (2.25–3.94) | <0.001 | 2.05 (1.72–2.44) | <0.001 |
| Yes | Ref | |||
Variables not included in the adjusted model because of collinearity were employment status, ever tested for HIV, ever had sex, age at first sex, lifetime number of sex partners, current number of sex partners.
ref=Reference category; CI= Confidence Interval