Which is the most effective biomaterial in indirect pulp capping? 4- year comparative randomized clinical trial

Abstract

Purpose:

The aim of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide pulp capping after complete caries removal.

Materials and methods:

In 73 regular patients (47 women, 26 men; age 20.65±3.02 years), having at least one deep carious lesion was recruited. Following complete caries removal, the pulp was indirectly capped with either MTA(n=51) or calcium hydroxide (n =49), randomly. Final restoration with a resin-based composite in a single session was performed. Clinical parameters including pulp vitality, sensitivity to cold or heat stimulants, percussion tests and discomfort during chewing and color were recorded after 6 months, 1 year, 2- year, 3- year and 4- year. Data were analysed statistically (p<0.05).

Results:

After 4- year, the survival rates were 86% (for MTA), and 82.9% (for calcium hydroxide). Totally, 8 teeth from calcium hydroxide group and 7 teeth from MTA group were endodontically treated. No significant difference was detected between the groups in terms of pulp vitality (p=0.613). Grey discoloration rate was 63% in MTA group.

Conclusion:

Both pulp-capping materials, MTA and calcium hydroxide showed similar clinically successful performance in terms of pulp vitality in the treatment of deep dentin caries lesions after 4- year.

Introduction

The goal of indirect pulp capping treatment of the vital teeth must be the protection of tooth vitality by regenerating reparative dentin at the materio - pulpal complex, that works as a biological seal before causing to the need of more expensive and invasive treatment option such as root-canal treatment (1).

For the stimulation of the self-remineralizing properties of dentin, bacteriostatic and / or bactericidal and biocompatible agents can be applied on deep dentin neighbouring vital pulp before the placement of permanent restoration. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is widely used in the treatment of deep caries lesions. It has a series of reparative properties arising from thermoelectric stimulus blockage, initial low-grade irritation of pulp tissue, and anorganic calcium ion precipitation, which are demonstrated to be associated with the differentiation of dental pulpal cells (2, 3). On the other hand, some disadvantages were reported such as gradual degradation, tunnel defects, an increased number of inflammatory cells and localized pulp necrosis, over time (4, 5, 6, 7). Hence, the treatment outcomes of calcium hydroxide pulp-capping can be considered as unpredictable since different success rates ranged between 13-96% were reported, previously (8, 9, 10).

Considering the disadvantages of calcium hydroxide, bioactive silicate cements, such as mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was introduced with many indications including treatment of deep caries lesions. Although, pulp exposure cannot be seen directly in the absence of bleeding, an unpredictable micro-level pulp damage may occur during deep dentin caries excavation.

MTA has been introduced as a successful pulp-capping material owing to its small sized particles providing tight barrier against the migration of microorganisms and high pH level leading minimal inflammatory reaction during healing. Besides, MTA can stimulate cell differentiation/activation, which may contribute to hard tissue matrix formation/ mineralization (11). Ford, et al. (12) investigated the MTA pulp-capping in monkey teeth and found that the clinical performance of MTA was higher than calcium hydroxide in terms of pulpal inflammation and dentin bridge formation. MTA showed better hard tissue formation and less pulpal inflammation compared to calcium hydroxide (13)

Deep caries lesions can be treated by complete, partial or stepwise caries excavation techniques. Complete caries excavation technique suggests to remove whole carious lesion from dentin at one appointment. In partial caries excavation technique, only the caries in peripheral areas is removed. Stepwise technique suggests the removal of whole deep caries lesion at several appointments gradually (14). In complete caries excavation technique, decayed dentin is fully removed followed by final restoration. Nowadays, although complete caries excavation or removal of whole carious dentin regarded as over-treatment, several surveys carried out in different countries indicated that approximately 70% of the responding dentists continue to use complete caries removal technique thinking complete caries removal has an increased pulp exposure risk but the fear about the progression of the carious lesion is eliminated (1,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25). Thus, the caries removal technique must be the technique of choice depending on the time, patient’s attendance to the second appointment or specific requirements of the patients. In this study, complete caries removal technique was applied as it is mostly preferred by dental practitioners. There is a limited number of mid-term clinical trials comparing the clinical performance of MTA and calcium hydroxide after complete caries removal, which allows clear recommendations for daily dental practice. As the survival rates of the treated teeth tend to drop with time, short - term findings may overestimate the treatment outcome (8,26). Therefore, the aim of this mid-term clinical study was to compare the outcomes of MTA and calcium hydroxide indirect pulp-capping regarding conservation of pulp vitality in a 4-year follow-up period. The tested null hypothesis was there would be no difference between the materials in terms of treatment outcome at 4- year follow-up period.

Materials and methods

Ethical statement

This article contains studies with human participants. The local ethical committee approved this prospective randomized clinical trial and registered to clinicaltrials.gov. All procedures were performed in line with the ethical standards of the institutional / national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written consent of each participant was obtained after the study procedures clearly explained.

Sample size calculation

Before the recruitment, the n number was calculated using the G-power program. The parameters were as follows: Effect size = 0.4, type I error = 0.05, power = 0.85, Df = 5. Although obtained sample size was n=90, the n number was increased to 100, to considering possible drop-outs.

Study participants

The candidates, presented with at least 1 permanent premolar/ molar tooth characterized by deep caries lesions without pulp exposure were recruited to study population.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: the teeth judged by the clinician that; removal of the deep caries lesion after direct complete caries excavation would not cause to exposure of the pulp (radiograph depth reaching 3/4 of the dentin), absence of any signs of irreversible pulpitis at radiographic examination, including widening of the periodontal ligament or absence of periapical lesions, absence of spontaneous and heavy pain, abscesses, or sinus tract, functional permanent posterior teeth, where the direct restoration is indicated and the teeth, positively responded to the electric pulp-testing and negatively responded to thermal-testing. Exclusion criteria were; two or more cuspal loss, caries beneath the gingival margin, spontaneous pain history, presence of any periapical pathology, immature teeth with open apex and pathologic mobility.

A hundred and ten patients were assessed for eligibility. The radiographs were used to predict the distance between the caries and the pulp. Seventeen candidates refused to participate (n= 26), 9 candidates with deep caries lesion had spontaneous pain history (n= 12), 11 teeth with deep caries lesion were unrestorable without crown restoration (n=14). Finally, 100 teeth in 73 patients, meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited.

Study groups

The recruited teeth were randomly assigned as MTA or calcium hydroxide groups. After complete caries removal, the control group received the calcium hydroxide (Dycal, Dentsply/Caulk, Dentsply International Inc, Milford, DE, USA) while the test group received MTA (Dentsply, Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) pulp-capping followed by final restoration in the same session in both groups.

Randomization and blinding

The randomization unit was the tooth. A simple randomization technique was used for the selection of pulp-cap ping material. Blinding of patients was also possible. To avoid possible influence in the process, the clinician was not aware about the indirect capping material until randomization during removal of the carious lesion. If more than one case is included into the study in one patient, after allocation of the first tooth, the second case was always treated using other pulp-capping material. Thus, neither the investigators nor the participants were not aware which treatment was administered. Blinding at the follow-ups were not possible in all cases due to the grey discoloration of MTA over time.

Calibration

Only one researcher managed the operative procedures for standardization. Kappa statistics were performed to reveal inter / intra examiner agreement at follow-ups. Inter and intra examiner agreement in the detection of success or failure was determined as perfect (k>0.98).

Interventions

Description of the materials were presented in Table 1. All teeth were treated under consistent, standardized conditions using a minimal invasive standardized operative intervention procedure. Single operator conducted clinical treatments to standardize the procedures. A local anaesthetic was administered before the operation procedure, if needed (severe sensitivity or pain during the preparation, rinsing, or drying and dental phobia). Carious lesion was revealed using sterile diamond burs at high-speed under copious water-cooling. Removal of superficial and soft dentin was started from lateral walls and dentino-enamel junction using a sterilized sharp and spoon-shaped hand excavator. Then, a slow-speed handpiece with sterilized stainless-steel burs were used to complete caries excavation. The cavities were rinsed with water and dried with mild water.

Table 1.

Description of the materials.

Material	Composition	Manufacturer
Dycal	Base paste:1,3-Butylene glycol disalicylate, Zinc oxide, Calciumphosphate, Calcium tungstate, Iron oxide pigments Catalyst paste:Calciumhydroxide, N-ethyl-o/p-toluene sulfonamide, Zinc oxide, Titanium dioxide, Zinc stearate, Iron oxide pigments (dentine shade only)	Dentsply/Caulk, Dentsply International Inc, Milford, DE, USA
ProRoot® MTA	Oxides: Lime(CaO), Silica(SiO2), Aluminum oxide(Al2O3), Ferric oxide(Fe2O3), and Bismuth trioxide Tricalcium aluminate, Tetracalcium aluminoferrite, Tricalcium aluminate	Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA
Riva Light Cure	Compartment 1: Polyacrylic Acid, Tartaric Acid, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, Dimethacrylate Cross-linker, Acidic Monomer Compartment 2: Fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder	LC/Southern Dental Industries - SDI, Bayswater, Australia
Prime and Bond NT	Di and Trimethacrylate resins, PENTA (dipentaerythritol penta acrylate monophosphate), Nanofillers — Amorphous Silicon Dioxide, Photoinitiators, Stabilizers,Cetylamine hydrofluoride, Acetone	Dentsply Detrey, Konstanz, Germany
Gradia Direct Posterior	Methacrylate monomers, Silica, Fluoro-Alumino-Silicate Glass, Prepolymerised filler, Pigments, Catalysts	GC, Tokyo, Japan

Hardness, color and the unique sound of the dentine while probing were used to assess the caries free diagnosis of the dentine. The isolation was achieved with a well-performing saliva ejector and cotton rolls. Subsequently, the teeth were then randomly divided into MTA or calcium hydroxide groups. The materials were applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A detailed application procedure, the names, compositions and manufacturers of the materials used are presented in previous report of the present study (27).

Following pulp capping, a resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), (SDI, Riva Light Cure LC, Southern Dental Industries, Bayswater, Australia) was mixed and placed according to manufacturers’ instructions. Then, an etch&rinse adhesive (Prime and Bond NT, Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) was applied. The cavities were eventually restored with composite resin (Gradia Direct Posterior, GC, Tokyo, Japan) using incremental layering technique. Composite finishing burs, discs and rubber cones were used for finishing and polishing of the final restoration.

Data collection

Two calibrated and experienced researches other than the operator were trained to ensure standardization of the evaluating process at recalls. They collected the demographic and clinical data from the patients. Demographic data included age, gender and number of interfered teeth at pre-treatment time, while clinical data were collected before the intervention (baseline) and at 6- month, 1- year, 2- year, 3- year and 4- year follow ups, which included electric pulp testing (Kerr Vitality Scanner 2006, SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA), thermal testing (air-water syringe) tactile tests (palpation and percussion), as well as the predictors of inflammation and self-reported patient history.

The treatment outcome was decided as “clinically successful” when the following criteria were met: positive answer to electric pulp testing, negative response to cold stimuli or triggered but not lingering by air-water shrinkage, no general pain, normal response to tactile tests or triggered pain not lingering, absence of abscess, sinus tract and non-physiological tooth mobility. In case of persistent severe pain, negative response to electric pulp testing or triggered pain by tactile or cold tests, the patient was referred for root canal treatment and the treatment outcome was considered to be “clinically unsuccessful”. The presence of discoloration reflecting from under the restoration also recorded.

Statistical analysis

IBM SPSS package version 19 (IBM, Armonk, NY,USA) was used for statistical analysis. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics including standard error, min. max. and mean values. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to reveal the survival rate. The qualitative variables were compared using Pearson chi-square, Fisher exact and logrank statistics tests. P<0.05 was determined as statistically significant.

Results

The study population consisted of 47 women (64.4%) and 26 men (35.6%). The mean age was 20.65 ± 3.02 for the calcium hydroxide group and 21.18 ± 3.85 years for the MTA group. The most commonly recorded preoperative tooth symptom was sensitivity to cold air. The patient characteristics, tooth distribution and preoperative symptoms observed are shown in Table 2. The recall rate was 72.1% at 4- year post-treatment. One patient at 24 months, 8- at 36 months, 5- at 48 months did not attend to follow up. At 48 months, out of 100 analysed treatments, 14 teeth were lost to follow-up (6 Pertaining to MTA group, and 8 pertaining to calcium hydroxide group) (Figure 1). At 4-year, 15 teeth were treated endodontically due to the irreversible pulpitis (2- at six months, 3- at 1 year, 1- at 2- year, 6- at 3- year, 3- at 4- year) (Figure 1). The Kaplan-Meier function allowed the analysis of the cumulative survival rate of the pulp at 48 months. This function revealed that the survival rate 82.9% for calcium hydroxide and, 86% for MTA after 48 months. Survival graphic showed that, the treatment success rate decreased over time (Figure 2). The longrank test showed no significant difference between the groups regarding the maintenance of pulp vitality at 4- year (p=0.613).

Table 2.

The patient characteristics, tooth distribution and preoperative symptoms. *Mineral trioxide aggregate

	Calcium hydroxide	MTA*
	N %	N %
Sex
Female	20 (27.4)	27 (37.0)
Male	14 (19.2)	12 (16.4)
Age range
18-20	23 (31.5)	24 (32.9)
21-25	8 (11.0)	9 (12.3)
26-30	3 (4.1)	6 (8.2)
Tooth distribution
Premolar	23 (23.0)	15 (15.0)
Molar	26 (26.0)	36 (36.0)
Arch distribution
Upper	28 (28.3)	23 (23.2)
Lower	20 (20.2)	28 (28.3)
Preoperative symptoms
Cold	17 (17.0)	24 (24.0)
Heat	6 (6.0)	16 (16.0)
Chewing	4 (4.0)	7 (7.0)
Percussion	10 (10.0)	16 (16.0)

Figure 1.

Flow diagram.

Figure 2.

Survival after indirect pulp capping by materials (Kaplan-Meier curves).

The majority of the teeth included in the study were molars (62%), whereas 38% were premolars (Table 2). No significant relationship was found between upper and lower arches (p = 0.186) or premolar and molar teeth (p = 0.154) in terms of treatment outcome.

None of the teeth showed neither newly developed nor recurrent caries lesion. Only one tooth presented restoration failure at 4- year and received restoration repair. Since the tooth vitality was preserved, this tooth was not removed from the follow-ups. During the 4-year follow-up periods, symptoms were continued to reduce in both groups (Table 3).

Table 3.

Distribution of symptoms at baseline, and 6, 12, 24, 36- and 48-months post-treatment. *Mineral trioxide aggregate.

	MTA* (n)				Calcium hydroxide (n)
	Cold	Heat	Chewing	Percussion	Cold	Heat	Chewing	Percussion
Baseline	7	1	-	1	6	2	2	2
6- mo	5	-	-	2	2	-	1	2
1 year	3	-	-	1	7	1	1	1
2- year	2	-	-	-	3	1	-	-
3- year	-	-	-	1	-	-	-	-
4- year	-	-	1	-	1	-	-	1

At 4-year 1 tooth was symptomatic during the chewing in MTA group while 1-tooth were sensitive to cold-air and 1 tooth sensitive to percussion tests in calcium hydroxide group. Sixty-three percent of the MTA treated teeth showed grey discoloration.

Discussion

The null hypothesis was accepted as no difference was found between the indirect pulp capping materials in terms of success of the treatment outcome at 4- year follow-up period. An ideal pulp-capping material must have the ability to eliminate bacteria, to create an adequate seal and induce mineralization and normal root development (28). At present, despite their well-known drawbacks, calcium hydroxide and MTA are the materials of choice for direct or indirect pulp-capping treatments (28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33). Thus, these two materials were investigated in this randomized controlled study.

Studies showed that, MTA is one of the most investigated material as direct and indirect pulp-capping material (7,34, 35, 36). In direct pulp-capping studies, MTA showed superior results compared to calcium hydroxide (37, 38, 39). In histologic point of view, better results for MTA were reported compared to calcium hydroxide in terms of osteogenic, odontogenic and angiogenic effects, and inflammatory pulpal cell response (40, 41). Besides, in a recently released review article, it was reported that, MTA was found superior than calcium hydroxide for maintaining pulp vitality in direct pulp capping treatment at long-term (42). In terms of indirect pulp-capping of permanent teeth, no statistically significant difference between the materials were reported. The results of the present study are in line with the current literature as no significant differences were found between materials.

Marchi, et al. (43) conducted a 4- year follow-up study and reported 88% success rate for calcium hydroxide after indirect pulp-capping in primary teeth. The result of the current study showed that calcium hydroxide and MTA survival rates were 82.9% and 86%, respectively in human posterior teeth at 4-year follow-up period in parallel with the current literature.

Although, MTA has a series of positive properties, its major disadvantage is an unsightly tooth-discoloration. Discoloration of the tooth after the MTA application can be very important especially in anterior region (44). In the present study 63% of the MTA group showed for grey discoloration, which was in consistent with the current reports (45, 46, 47). It is well known that to achieve a successful restoration at longterm relies on durable marginal integrity of the restoration (48). Leakage and bacterial migration from the restoration interface can cause a series of problem such as post-operative hypersensitivity, secondary caries and eventually failure of the restoration (49). In the present study building a wellsealed restoration was the main goal at every stage of the study. Therefore, less clinical symptoms and no secondary caries development during the course of the study was not surprising. Slight tooth sensitivity recorded in a few patients might be related with the preoperative condition of the pulp.

One of the limitations of this study was that blinding at the follow-ups. Some MTA treated cases showed grey discoloration, which makes the blinding impossible. Another limitation is study design. Present study planned as randomized only since to find a patient having at least two deep dentin caries lesions, meeting the inclusion criteria is very difficult. This specific study group did not allow to conduct the study in split-mouth study design. Thus, future studies must be designed considering these limitations.

Conclusion

Indirect pulp-capping with MTA was found clinically more successful than calcium hydroxide at 4- year post-treatment in the treatment of deep caries lesions. However, discoloration risk of MTA treated teeth must be taken into consideration. Prospective clinical trials comparing different indirect pulp capping materials in mid-term and long-term are needed.