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. 2022 Apr 12;98(15):e1534–e1544. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200120

Figure 2. Comparisons of Imaging and Cognitive Measures Between Puerto Rican Adults (BPRHS) and Other Cohorts.

Figure 2

Vertical axis is the residual deviance of each measure after adjusting for covariates (i.e., age + sex for imaging, age + sex + education for MMSE) in the general linear regression model. Blue line shows average hippocampal volume; red line, MMSE sum score; gray bar, brain age z-score for BPRHS; white bar, brain-age z-score for ADNI-1 or non-Hispanic White/ADNI + NACC Hispanic individuals; black asterisk, significant difference in brain age; blue asterisk, significant difference in hippocampal volume; and red asterisk, significant difference in MMSE score. Data are presented as mean (error bars show SEM). AD = Alzheimer disease; ADNI = Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; BPRHS = Boston Puerto Rican Health Study; CN = cognitively normal control; HTN = hypertension; MCIc = mild cognitive impairment converter; MCInc = mild cognitive impairment nonconverter; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; NACC = National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center; NS = not significantly different on any measures; T2D = type 2 diabetes.