Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Apr 15;8(15):eabk0159. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0159

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 5. — (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental design. Three-percent formalin (50 μl) is injected into the left hindpaw, and US is then applied to trigger the PAG stimulation by the Sm-PUEH device. Electrophysiological signals of the spinal cord dorsal horn (L5) are recorded. (B) Schematic diagram of stimulation strategy with US (US-400 c/p, PRF = 50 Hz, 0.65 MPa) for 5 min with an interval (on 3 s and off 3 s). (C) Representative example of LFP activities from the spinal cord dorsal horn (L5) between the control group (top) and the stimulation group (bottom). In each group, the first row represents the raw trace (waveform), and the second row demonstrates power spectrum. Formalin is injected at time = 0. (D) Heatmap comparison of the power spectrum ratio (calculated by baseline) between the control group and the stimulation group. The power spectrum is broken down into delta (0 to 3 Hz) wave, theta (4 to 7 Hz) wave, alpha (8 to 12 Hz) wave, beta (13 to 30 Hz) wave, and gamma (31 to 100 Hz) wave. (E) The comparison of power spectrum changes in delta (0 to 3 Hz) wave between the control group (n = 8) and the stimulation group (n = 8). The power spectrum is calculated by the average of each minute, and ratio (y axis) is processed by the average baseline of the first 5 min. All data are presented as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 versus control group.