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. 2022 Apr 15;12:6320. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09872-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The ratio of normalised eggshell thickness between cuckoos and their ejector versus acceptor hosts. (A) In the smaller sample size dataset that includes only hosts with known egg ejection rates, there is no significant difference in the cuckoo:host ratio of eggshell thickness between acceptors and ejectors at either point measured (apex: F_1,1.98 = 2.31, P = 0.27; meridian: F_1,5.6 = 0.99, P = 0.36). (B) When all hosts are considered and ejection behaviour is inferred from nest type, cuckoos that exploit acceptor hosts have thicker eggshells relative to their hosts than cuckoos that exploit ejectors, at both the apex (F_1,12.47 = 7.72, P = 0.02) and the meridian of the egg (F_1,14.32 = 8.86_, P = 0.01).