Figure 1. Associations Between Specific Maternal Autoimmune Diseases Diagnosed Before Childbirth and Risk of Overall Mental Disorders in Offspring.

In the adjusted model, the associations were controlled for parental psychiatric history, maternal characteristics (parity, age at birth, highest educational level, cohabitation with a partner, residence, and birth country), and birth characteristics (child’s sex, calendar year of birth). Markers represent estimates, with horizontal lines indicating 95% CIs. HR indicates hazard ratio.